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HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
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LIBRARY
OF THE
MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY
Bequest of
WILLIAM BREWSTER
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WILLIAM BREWSTER 1
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THE
HUMMING BIRD.
A QUARTERLY
SCIENTIFIC, ARTISTIC, and INDUSTRIAL REVIEW.
EDITED BY
A. BOUCARD.
VOLUME IV.
lEontion, 189^.
Entered at Stationers' Hall.
All Rights Reserved.
s
ffiournemoutb :
Pardy & Son, General Printers.
NEW GENERA and SPECIES OF BIRDS and SHELL.
Described in Volume IV. of the Humming Bird.
Thalurania bolivania,
gmelinius, n.g.,
Chlorostilbon wiedi,
Chlorostilbon panamensis,
lawrencius, n.g.,
AVES.— Trochili.
Boucard, Gen. H. Bird
Type, Gmel. Bicolor
Type, L. ctipreiceps
SHELLS.
Arca boucardi, Joussaume, H. Bird
PAGE
107
108
120
124
173
4i
CONTENTS OF VOLUME IV.
Wonderful Discovery in Colorado (Mexico)
Recent Scientific and other Publications, with notes by the Editor
Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution
The Hawks and Owls of the United States in their relation to
Agriculture, by A. K. Fisher
Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum, Vol. XXL, Columbae or
Pigeons, by T. Salvadori
Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum, Vol. XXII., The Game
Birds, by Ogilvie Grant
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Part IV., 1892, and
Parts L, IL, and III., 1893
Zoological Record, Vol. XXIX., edited by Doctor Sharp
The Ibis, Sixth Series, Vol. V., edited by Philip Lutley Sclater
The Ibis, Vol. VI., No. 21, edited by Philip Lutley Sclater
Bulletin of the British Ornithologist's Club, 1892-1893
Mémoires de la Société Zoologique de France, Tome V., 5èm partie, et
Tome VI., 1893
Congrès International des Amêricanistes. Compte Rendu de la
Huilième Session tenue à Paris en i8go
Sociedade de Geographiade Lisboa; Indices e Catalogos,A Bibliotheca,i8g3
Revista mensual de la Sociedad Guatemalteca de Ciencias, 1893
The Entomologists' Monthly Magazine, 1893
Ornithologische Monatsberichte, edited by Dr. Ant. Reichenow, Berlin, 1893
The Canadian Entomologist, edited by Rev. C. T. S. Bethune, Ontario, 1893
Twenty-third Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1893
Bulletin of the United States National Museum, Washington, 1892
North American Fauna, No. 7, Part IL, Washington, 1893
Anales del Instituto fisico-geografico del Museode Costa Rica,Tome III., 1892
Die Vogel der Insel Curacao, by Hans von Berlepsch, 1892
The Flying Man, by the Editor
Visits to the Zoological Society Gardens, London, by W. H. Rosenberg
A Nursery of Insects
Description d'une nouvelle espèce de Coquille du Japon du genre Arca
par le Docteur Félix Joussaume
The Use of Salt for Agricultural Purposes, by the Editor
Are Ants of Aid to Fruit Growers ?..
Banana Culture
Strange Phenomenon in California, Formation of an Inland Sea
Waste Products made Useful — How to Preserve Animals
The English Snake, by W. Rosenberg
The Great Lakes, by G. A. . .
Inhabited Worlds (The World)
ElCoco
Many Eyed Monster
The Telescope and the Microscope
Mistakes about Alcohol — Cotton Seed Oil
Genera Avium
PAGE
I
2
2
6
7
8
11
12
15
20
23
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24
26
27
27
27
27
28
29
31
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38
41
45
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49
53
54
54
59
62
64
65
66
67
68
TRAVELS OF A NATURALIST,
By A. Boucard.
Interoceanic Canals
Maritime Canal Company
of Nicaragua
Granada
Garapatas
Danta or Tapir
San Juan del Norte
New York
Principal Buildings of New York
Central Park
The 4th of July and Presidential
Elections
Theatres, Commerce and Industry
Emigrants
International Exhibition of 1854
English Sparrows
First Discoveries of America
European Expeditions in North
America
First Settlement of the Dutch in
New York
Old description of New York . .
Description of the Natives of
New York, at the time of the
first expeditions to that country
Customs of the Natives
PAGE
127
133
138
139
141
143
144
H7
149
Ï5 1
153
155
I 57
159
162
166
169
171
174
175
Treaty of Peace, between
and America
Washington . .
John Adams . .
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
James Monroe
John Quincy Adams
Andrew Jackson
Martin Van Buren
William Henry Harrison
John Tyler . .
James K. Polk
Zachary Taylor
Millard Fillmore
Franklin Pierce
James Buchanan
Abraham Lincoln
Andrew Johnson
Ulysses S. Grant
Rutherford Hayes
James Garfield
Chester Arthur
Grover Cleveland
Benjamin Harrison
Grover Cleveland
England
. 177
• 179
. 182
. 183
. 185
. 186
. 188
. 189
. 190
. 191
. 192
• 193
• 193
• 194
• 194
• 195
• 195
• 197
. 198
, 199
199
. 200
, 202
203
203
GENERA OF HUMMING BIRDS,
THALURANIDAE PAGE
Gmelinius, n.g. Boucard . . 108
Phaeoptila, Gould . . . . iog
Iache, Elliot . . . . . . no
CHLOROLAMPIDAE.
Chlorolampis, Cab. .. . . 113
Sporadinus, Bon. .. ..116
Chlorostilbon, Gould .. ..119
Smaragdochrysis, Gould .. 125
Ptochoptera, Elliot .. .. 126
Prasitis, Cab. and Heine . . 127
Panychlora Cab. and Heine . . 126
AMAZILIIDAE.
Damophila, ReicH. . . . . 133
Cyanophaia, Reich. .. .. 134
Arinia Muls. .. .. .. 136
Chrysuronia, Bp. . . . . 137
Polyerata, Heine . . . . 142
Hylocharis, Boié
Agyrtria, Reich.
Uranomitra, Reich.
Cyanomyia, Bp.
Leucippus, Bp.
Leucochloris, Reich. . .
Aithurus, Cab. and Heine
Eupherusa, Gould
Callipharus, Elliot
Elvira Muls. and Verr.
Lawrencius, n.g. Boucard
Polytmus, Briss
Doleromyia, Bp.
Basilinna, Boié
Timolia, Muls.
Eucephala, Reich.
Chlorestes, Reich.
Saucerottia, Bp.
Amazilia, Reich.
PAGE
*43
146
156
162
165
167
168
169
171
172
J 73
J 74
176
*77
179
180
181
186
192
Vol. IV. Part I.]
MARCH, 1894.
[Price 2/6.
Ube Ibumming JBir6
zJSX A QUARTERLY xë^
SCIENTIFIC, ARTISTIC AND INDUSTRIAL REVIEW
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ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Published by A. Boucard, 225, High Holborn, London, W.C.
BOUCARD, A., Works by:—
Guide pour récolter préparer et expédier
des Objets d'Histoire Naturelle, Brochure
in Svo., 32 pages, Rennes, 1871 ... 1/-
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Notes sur quelques Trochilidés, Brochure
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Hand-book of Natural History, 2nd Edition,
Vol. in 8vo., 234 pages, profusely illustrated
' with Woodcuts, .London, 1874 ... ... ... 4/-
Coloured Diagrams of Natural History, 2nd
Edition, 20 sheets, i8in. by 24m., comprising 166
Diagrams of typical animals and plants, natural
size, and 37 natural typical specimens of woods,
and minerals, all neatly mounted on strong card-
board ... 40/-
The same, varnished ... ... ... ..". ... 45/-
Notes sur les Trochilidés du Mexique,
Brochure grand in 8vo., 16 pages, Lyon, 1875 ... 1/6
Monographic List of the Coleoptera of the
genus PLUSIOTIS, with descriptions of
several new species. Pamphlet, in 8vo, with
coloured plate, illustrating five new species ... 4/-
The same, with black plate ... ... .. 2/6
Catalogues Avium hucusqi/e descriptorum, i
Vol. in Svo., cloth, 352 pages, 2546 genera, and
11,031 species recorded. London, 1876. A useful
book for Museums and Ornithologists. Price
reduced to ... ... .. ... .. 10/-
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French or English preface ... ... ... 12/-
Notes on Pharomacrus costaricensis. Pamphlet
4to, 8 pages. Brighton, 1877 ... ... ... . 4/-
On Birds collected in Costa Rica, by Mr.
Adolphe Boucard. Pamphlet in 8vo, 72 pages,
with coloured plate of Zonotrichia Volcani.
Boucard, London, 1878 ... ... .. 4/-
The same, with black plate ... ... ... 2/6
Notes on some Coleoptera of the genus
PLUSIOTIS, with descriptions of three
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America. Pamphlet in 8vo, 4 pages, with
coloured plates, illustrating fine species, P.
RODRIGUEZI, BADENI, BOUCARDI, MNISZECKI,
and prasina ... ... .. ... .. 4/-
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Notes sur les objets exposés par la Ré-
publique de Guatemala et par M. Adolphe
Boucard à l'Exposition universelle de
Paris, 1878, Brochure in 8vo, 32 pages." Paris, 1878 1/-
LlSTE DES OlREAUX RÉCOTTÉS AU GUATEMALA EN
1877, par M. Adolphb Boucard, Brochure
grand, in 8vo, 48 pages.--. Lyon, 1878 ... ... 2/6
Descriptions of two supposed new species
of South American Birds. Pamphlet, in 8vo.,
with coloured plate, figuring Chiromachacris
coronata. Boucard, London, 1879 ... ... 2/-
The same, with black plate ... .. ... 1/-
Description d'une espèce nouvelle de Pseu-
doeolaptes de Costa Rica. Paris, 1880 ... 6d.
Descriptions de deux espèces nouvelles de
CicindéliDes de Panama. Paris, 1880 ... 6d.
On a Collection of Birds from Yucatan
(Mexico), with notes by Mr. Osbert Salvin,
f.r.s. Pamphlet, in 8vo., 30 pages. London, 1883 2/6
Notice biographique sur Francois Sumichrast,
Naturaliste Voyageur, Brochure in 8vo., avec
portrait. Paris, 1884 ... ... ... ... 2/-
VlSITE AUX RUINES DE XOCHICALCO (MEXIQUE).
Paris. 1887 ... ... ... 1/-
Catalogue des Objets exposes par la Rè-
puplique de Guatemala et par M. Adolphe
Boucard à l'Exposition universelle de
Paris, 1889 .. ... ... ... .. 1/-
Catalogue des Oiseaux de la Collection
Riocour. Paris, 18S9 ... .. ... 1/-
THE HUMMING BIRD. A Monthly Scien-
tific, Artistic, and Industrial Review.
Vol.1. London, 1891 ... ... ... .. 10/-
Contents of Vol. I.
Preface — What is to be seen everywhere in London — ■
The McKinley Bill—The Panama Canal— Notes on the
Genus Pharomacrus — An easy way of making £100 a
a year — Reports on Public Sales of Feathers and Bird
Skins — Rapport sur la Vente publique, de plumes et
d'Oiseaux à Londres, Décembre, 1890 — The Museum
of la Plata, and my idea of a typical and practical
Museum of Natural History — Reports on Public Sales
of Postage Stamps — Notes on rare species of Humming
Birds, and Descriptions of several supposed new species I
— Second International Ornithological Congress —
Answers to Correspondents — Description of a supposed
new species of Parrot in Boucard's Museum — Notes on
the Crowned Superb Warbler ( Malurits coronaUts (Gould)
— A Visit to the Gardens of Zoological Society of Lon-
don — British Museum (Zoological Department) — Royal
Aquarium — Books and Journals received — Obituary —
Description of a supposed new species of Paradise bird
in Boucard's Museum— The Pilgrim Locust — Descrip-
tion of a supposed new species of Tanager — Notes on
the great Bower Bird (Chlamydodera nuchalis, Jard) —
Collections made in Thibet andC-ntral Asia — A Visit to
the British Museum (Natural History Department) —
The Plantain or Banana Plant — Inauguration of the
statue of Pierre Belon, the Naturalist — A Giant
Land Crab— Review of new Scientific Books — Report
on the Public Sale of the celebrated Collection of Shells,
formed by the late Sir David Barclay, and sold at
Steven's on Monday, the 6th of July, and following days
— Recommendations for the prevention of damage by
some common Insects of the Farm, the Orchard, and
the Garden — La Vie champêtre. La Destruction de la
Larve du Hanneton (Melolontha vulgaris) — Crocodile,
Snake, and Fish skins for industrial purposes — World's
Columbian Exposition, Bâtiment de PAdministation.
The same, Vol. II. London, 1892 ... ... 10/-
Contents of Vol. II.
Description of a supposed new Species of Humming Birds,
in Boucard's Museum — The World's Fair, Inter-
national Exposition of Chicago — Review of New
Scientific Books — Notes on the Rare Pheasant,
Rheinardius ocellatus — Books received — Celebrated
Gallery of Old Masters, of the late General Marquess
de Garbarino — Customs Tariff of Great Britain and
Ireland — Obituary — Biographical Notes on Henry
Walter Bates, F.R.S., etc. (with portrait) — American
Pearls — Fish from Volcanoes — A very large Tree — A
Curious Rat Catcher— List of Birds collected, by Mr.
Hardy at Porto- Real, Brazil, with description of one
supposed New Species — Descrii tion of a supposed New
Species of the genus Manticora, " Cicindelidas," from
Damara Land, South Africa — Description d'une espèce
nouvelle de Diptère parasite de Costa Rica, Ornithom-
yia geniculata — The Completion of the Panama Canal
— A complete list, up to date, of the Humming Birds
found in Columbia, with descriptions of several supposed
New Species— Christopher Columbus — Festivities and
Exhibitions, held in honour of Christopher Columbus in
America, Spain, Italy and France — America — Le Canal
de Panama — International Exhibition in Monaco — A
new Emission of Postage Stamps.
REVIEW OF NEW PUBLICATIONS, comprising:—
Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithso-
nian Institution, 1890-1891 — Catalogue of Birds in the
British Museum, Vol. XX., 1891, Vol. XVI., 1802,
Vol. XXII., 1892— Zoological Record, Vol. XXVIÏL,
1892 — Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,
1S92 — The Ibis, Vol. IV., Sixth Series, 1892 — Mémoires
de la Société Zoologique de France, Vol. V., 1892 —
Memorias y Revista de là Sociedad cientifica, Antonio
Alzate, 1892— Actes de la Société scientifique du Chili.
Vol. L, 1892— The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine,
1892, etc.
OBITUARY:—
August von Pelzen— Dom Pedro d'Alcantara — M.
Alphand — Monseigneur Freppel— Armand de Quatre-
fages de Breau — Duke of Clarence — Henry Walter
Bates — Etienne Arago — Hermann Charles Burmeister
— Carl August Dohrn — Marshal da Fonseca— Ernest
Renan — Alfred Tennyson — Xavier Marmier.
GENERA OF HUMMING BIRDS, by A. Boucard,
pages 1 to 56.
Sauvetage du Panama, 4éme edition, Brochure
in 8vo., 32 pages. Tours, 1892.. .. .. 6d.
Catalogue des Collections d'historie
naturelle récoltées au mexique par m.
Adolphe Boucard ... ... .. .. 1/-
Catalogue de Mammifères, Oiseaux Reptiles,
Poissons et Coquilles de la Californie,
Louisiane, Mexique et Uruguay ... ... 1/-
Catalogue de Carabiques et Colcoptères
divers, 1477 espèces ... .. .. ... 1/-
Catalogue d'Héteromères et de Curculio
nides, 2242 espèces ... .. .. 1/-
Catalogue d'Oiseaux, Reptiles et Poissons,
1157 espèces .. .. .. .. 1/-
Liste de Coléoptères exotiques, 2636 espèces 1/6
Liste des Coléoptères en vente chez M.
Adolphe Boucard, 7956 espèces ... ... 4/-
Listk di;s Oiseaux en vente chez M. Adolphe
Boucard, 4584 espèces ... .. .. 4/-
La série complète des huit Catalogues et Listes ... 12/-
®he gumming JSiïd
WONDERFUL DISCOVERY IN COLORADO
(MEXICO.)
SBJjlUINS of most colossal dimensions have been lately dis-
§K|j| covered in the plains of Colorado (Mexico). By what
remains, it is easy to make out that a very large city existed
there, some hundred, or perhaps thousand years ago. Some
wide avenues of MOLONITHS, as large, and as high as the
gigantic columns of the celebrated THEBES, of one hundred
gates ; some remains of pyramids, whose steps are 80 yards
wide, and of corresponding length, are still to be seen. Of
what a fabulous size must have been the temples or palaces
to which these steps conducted can hardly be imagined.
Detailed news of this wonderful discovery are expected with
eagerness by all Americanists, and meanwhile, I shall suggest
that these magnificent ruins are probably the remains of the
wonderful city of TuLLAN or TuLLA, founded by the great
QuETZACOATL, whom the Mexicans adored as a God after
his death. All the ancient Mexican manuscripts and Spanish
works published during the last four centuries mention this
great City, from which Quetzacoatl started for the South ;
but either from not understanding fully the meaning of the
Mexican hieroglyphs, or better say, language of their manu-
scripts, or because it is not mentioned at all in them, no
one has ever been able to say with certainty, where was the
site of the said Tullan, although many of them agree that
it was somewhere in Colorado.
I hope that the Mexican Government will take immediate
steps for the exploration of these ruins, by sending on the
spot, at once, a scientific Commission, well supplied with money,
and all the necessary requisites. If that exploration is done
properly and scientifically, I am certain that the archaeological
treasures, and others existing there, will repay a hundred fold
the money spent, and who knows, perhaps may be found
2 The Humming Bird.
there the key of the Mexican hieroglyphs, illustrating their
manuscripts ? This is a matter of great importance not only
to Mexico, but to all America, because there are some
probabilities that TuLLAN can be considered as the place
from which the old civilizations of the ASTECS, and INCAS
spread from.
A.B.
RECENT SCIENTIFIC AND OTHER
PUBLICATIONS.
With Notes by the Editor.
1891. — Annual Report of the Board of Regents
of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington. One large
Volume, 765 pages and Index, with a great number of illus-
trations. Its contents are :— VARIOUS REPORTS OF THE
Departments of the National Museum, among which
the HUMMING Birds, by Robert Ridgway. This part is
excessively good, and most interesting. It treats extensively
of the early history of these charming birds, their origin,
names, geographical distribution, migrations, habits, abun-
dance of individuals, actions and attitudes, manner of flight,
disposition, intelligence, nests and eggs, all beautifully illus-
trated with good woodcuts, figuring the most striking struc-
tures, food, characters, and relationships, also woodcuts
showing the skeleton of Trochilus colubris, and the dorsal
and ventral aspects of the pterylosis, the shoulder girdle, of
Selasphorus platycercus, the head of Eulampis holosericeus,
and the details of structure of the tongue of these birds.
Then follows two very interesting, and well-made black
plates, figuring the largest species, Patagona gigcis, and the
smallest, Mellisuga minima, after which, are figured a good
series of the variations of the bill, the wing, and tail, orna-
ments of the head, the legpuff of Panoplites flavescens, and
the short tarsal feathers of Heliodoxa jacula. Nine beauti-
ful black plates, chiefly copied from Gould, represent, life
size, Steganura underwoodi, Oxypogon guerini } Ram-
phomicron herraniy Cephallepis delalandei, Gouldia conversi,
and popelairei, Lophornis helenae, adorabilis, reginae, re-
gulus, delattrei, ornatus,a.x\d magnificus, Acestrura heliodori,
Eriocnemis alinae and Microchera albocoronata, ending
The Humming Bird. 3
with full descriptions and remarks on all the species found in
the United States, with beautiful life size black plates of
nearly all the species.
The following species are mentioned as occurring in the
States. Eugenes fulgens, Coeligena clemenciae, Trochilus
colubris, violajugulum, and alexandri, Calypte annae, and
costae, Selasphorus rufus, alleni, and platycercus, Stellula
calliope, Calothorax lucifer, Amazilia cerviniventris, and
fuscicaudata, Basilinna xantusi, and Iache latirostris,
which ends the series of species found in the United States.
He concludes by saying that the following three species,
Lampornis nigricollis, Atthis heloisae, and Agyrtria tobaci,
which have been mentioned in several works as American
birds, are not entitled to a place in that fauna, although he
thinks that Atthis heloisae may be found in Southern Texas.
I am exactly of the same opinion as Mr. Ridgway, whom I
congratulate heartily for his excellent work.
Page 286, I read a passage copied from Wallace's
Tropical Nature, which says, in speaking of the Erjnit
Humming-birds : —
" But there are many such, as PHAETHORINS EREMITA,
and some larger allied species which I have never seen at
flowers."
This is quite wrong ! Phaethornis adolphi, and
P. longirostris, two species of which I have collected a large
number of specimens, were always shot by me, when feeding
on flowers. P. longirostris was always seen feeding on
flowers of CANNA and FOURCROYA, and P. adolphi was seen
early in the morning, and before sun-set, feeding chiefly on
flowers of CONVOLVULUS.
The other memoirs contained in the Report are : —
White line engraving for relief printing, by S. R.
Koehler ; The Methods of Fire Making, by Walter
Hough; The Ulu, or Woman's knife of the Eskimo, by
Otis. T. Mason, with a profusion of wood-cuts ; The
Ancient Pit-Dwellers of Yezo, by Romyn Hitchcook,
with eight beautiful plates ; The AiNOS OF YEZO, Japan, by
the same author, with a large number of fine plates and wood-
cuts ; Handbook for the Department of Geology, by
George P. Merrill ; The Catlin COLLECTION OF INDIAN
PAINTINGS, by Washington Matthews, with many interesting
4 The Humming Bird.
illustrations; The LOG OF THE Savannah, by G. Elfreth
Watkins; AUTHROPOLOGV AT THE Paris Enposition OF 1SS9,
by Thomas Wilson, ending with the BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE
United States National Museum and List of Acces-
sions
1893. — The Hawks and Owls of the United States
in their relation to Agriculture, by A. K. Fisher,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington. One Volume,
containing 201 pages of text and 25 beautifully coloured plates.
This is a most interesting and useful work, showing that the
birds of prey are more useful to agriculture than otherwise.
X'o less than 2690 stomachs have been examined by Mr.
Fisher, and the contents are enumerated in the tables accom-
panying the species. Of these, 169 contained the remains
of poultry and game birds, 463 of other birds, 397 of
mammals, and 623 of insects. If the stomachs of the six
species which feed largely upon game and poultry are
eliminated, we have a total of 2212 stomachs. Of these
78, or 3 J per cent., contained the remains of poultry or
game; 257. or 11 percent., of other birds ; 945, or 41^ per
cent., of mice; 309, or 1 1 per cent., of other mammals;
and 599, or 27 per cent., of insects.
With the help of this excellent book, the farmer will be
able to know which birds he may call his friends or his foes.
It is very desirable that similar publications should be made
in Europe and elsewhere, not only on the Birds of Prey, but
on all birds in general. I am certain that in doing so
many new facts will be discovered, and show that many of the
species of birds, which are considered now as injurious, will
turn out to be some of the best auxiliaries to Agriculture.
During my expeditions in North, Central, and South
America, I have examined several thousands of stomachs of
birds, killed and skinned by me ; but unfortunately, I have
not made notes of their contents, excepting those of Humming-
birds, which always consisted of minute insects and honey.
1893. — Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum,
Vol. XXI., Columbae, OR Pigeons, by T. Salvadori. This
Volume contains 676 pages of text, and 15 line coloured
plates illustrating the following species : —
SPHENOCERUS forynosae, OSMOTRERON griseicauda,
wallacei, aromatica and axillaris, PTILOPUS eugeniae,
CARPOPHAGA oenothorax, COLUMBA grisea, albipennis,
The Humming Bird. 5
TURTUROENA delegorguei and sharpei, OXYPELIA cyanopis,
CHAMAEPELIA buckleyi, Phlegoenas beccarii, gra?tti, al-
bicollis, and erythroptera, LEPTOTILA 7negalura, OSCULATIA
purpurea, and OTIDIPHAPS insularis.
Seven new generic names are proposed. They are : —
NESOEXAS, Type N. mayeri, OXYPELIA, Type O. cyanopis,
Calopelia, Type C. puella, HlSTRlOPHAPS, Type H. histrio-
nica, ZOXOPHAPS, Type Carp, forsteri CRYTOPHAPS, Type
Carp, poecilorhoa, HOMOPELIA, Type Turtur picturatus.
Osmotreron wallacei, from Celebes, Phabotreron occipit-
alis from Basilan. Ptilopus smithsojiianus from Paumotu,
Columba crissalis from Central America, Turturaena sharpei
from Central Africa, Macroypgia goldiei, from New Guinea,
Zenaida yucatanensis, from Yucatan, Turtur shelleyi from
Upper White Nile, Geotrygon venezuelensis from Merida,
Venezuela, Phlogaenas granti from Guadalcanar, and
Phlogaenas albicollis from Bow Island, are described as new,
or have new names assigned to them.
This volume is as excellent as the preceding ones, and
the descriptions are very good.
1893. — Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum,
Vol. XXII., the Game Birds (Orders Pterocletes,
Gallixae, Opisthocomi, and HemipodI, by W. R. Ogilvie
Grant.
This Volume contains 562 pages of text, and eight
beautifully coloured plates. The species figured are : —
FRAXCOLIXUS, streptophorus, albogularis, spilolaemus,
uluensis, elgonensis, shelleyi, and adspersus, Pterntstes,
leucoscepus and infuscatus.
Two new sub-orders are proposed for Gallinae as fol-
lows : — Alectoropodes for Tetraoxidae, and Phasiaxidae,
and Peristeropodes, for MEGAPODIDAE, and Cracidae, and
the new Order, Hemipodi, for Turxicidae.
The following generic names are proposed as new : —
DACTYLORTYX, Type Ortyx thoracieus, RHYXCHORTYX,
Type Odontophorus spodiostethus, and Eulipoa, Tvpe
Megapodius wallacei : — Francolinus streptophorus, from
Central Africa ; uluensis, from East Africa ; shelleyi, from
South Africa; elgonensis, from Mount Elgon ; griseostriatus,
from West Africa; gedgii, from Central East Africa; sharpii,
from Abyssinia ; jacksoni, from South Africa ; Arboricola
The Humming Bird
s
sumatrana, and CALOPERDIX sumatrana, both from
Sumatra ; borneensis, from Sarawak, are all fully re-
described ; GENNAEUS davisoni, from Yunnan ; oatesi, from
Arrakan Hills ; Ortyx atriceps, from Putla, Mexico ; CRAX,
panamensis , from Central America, and grayi, from South
America, are described as new species, or have new names
assigned to them.
I cannot see why the generic name of Rheinardius
ocellatus has been written Rheinhardtius, which is wrong,
the correct spelling of the gentleman to whom it has been
dedicated being Reinhard, not Reinhardt.
I don't quite agree with Mr. Ogilvie Grant about the
position assigned to the sub-order Peristeropodes, and the
order Hemipodi. I consider this order as useless, because
the family of TuRNICIDAE is more naturally placed after the
genus RHYNCHORTYX, family PHASIANIDAE. I am of opinion
also that the family Cracidse is not placed at its proper
place. Otherwise this volume, as the preceding ones, will be
of much use to the Scientists, and the Trustees of the British
Museum can be justly proud that this most important publica-
cation will soon be concluded. In my opinion it is the most
valuable Ornithological work published for many years, and
it has given a new impetus for work, to all Ornithologists.
1892-1893. — Proceedings of the Zoological
Society of London. Part IV. 1892. Parts I., II. and III.
1893.
Part IV., 1892, contains 168 pages of text, Appendix,
Index, and List of Contributors, and 13 black and coloured
plates, illustrating new Reptiles from Nyassaland,
Lygodactylus angularis, Chameleon isabellinus,
Rampholeon platyceps, Rampholeon brachyurus, and
PSAMMOPHYLAX variabilis ; Cetacean remains from the
Caucasus , New Phytophagous Coleoptera from Madagascar,
Three new species of Monkeys : — CERCOPITHECUS STAIRSI,
Semnopithecus everetti, and Thomasi. New Asiatic
butterflies. New species of Earthworms — MOLINIGASTER.
New spiecies of Earthworms — BENHAMIA, ACANTHODRILUS,
MlCRODRlLUS, and EUDRILOIDES. Structure of Myrine
GLUTINOSA.
Part I., T893, contains 236 pages of text, and 15 black and
coloured plates ; illustrating the structure of HESPERIDAE,
The Humming Bird. 7
New Dipterous Insects, New Copepoda from Zanzibar,
XENOPSARIS ALBINUCHA, a new species of Cotingidae, Miocene
and recent Sciuridae, and Structure of MESOPLODON.
Part II., 1893, contains 200 pages of text, and 18 black
and coloured plates, representing CERCOPITHECUS SCHMIDTI,
and CERCOPITHECUS MELONEYI, a new species of monkey,
from British Central Africa. Lentungula algivorans, a new
genus and species of Acari, found in Cornwall. New South
American Heterocera. Brain of African Elephant. Genital
glands of Allolobophora longa. Structure of SlPUNCULUS.
ICHTHYOMYS STOLZMANNI, a new genus and species of
Rat, from Central Peru. NYCTINOMUS KALINOWSKII, and
ARTIBEUS GLAUCUS, two new species of Rats, from Central
Peru, and Chanchamayo, and New Moths of the Family
Geometridae.
Part III., 1893, contains 159 pages of text, and 19 black
and coloured plates, representing: — CERCOPITHECUS BRAZZAE,
Miln. Edvv., from French Congo. CERVUS THORALDI. a new
species from Thibet. The dentition of the Macropodidae.
New species of PleuroTOMIDAE. Female Water-buck and
Young. Syringes of Psittaci. Bird-bones from Grive
St. Alban. DRACO MAXIMUS, and MICROLEPIS, RANA
CAVITYMPANUM, LATOPALMATA, vvhiteheadi, and Rhaco-
PHORUS OTILOPHUS, six new species from Borneo. Butterflies
of the genus THYSONOTIS. Mesozoic Ganoid Fishes, and
VlPORA URSINII, Bonaparte, from Austria.
In this part, page 507, is a very interesting article on the
Anato?ny of Parrots, by Frank E. Beddard ; and page 529,.
the description of a new parrot, CYANORAMPHUS FORBESI,
by the Hon. Walter de Rotschild.
[893. — Zoological Record, Vol. XXIX., London, 1892.
Edited by Doctor Sharp. GENERAL SUBJECTS, by T.
Arthur Thomson, 54 pages. MAMMALIA, by R. Lydeker, 55
pages. AvES, by R. Bowdler Sharpe, 63 pages. REPTILIA
AND BATRACHIA, by G. A. Boulenger, 41 pages. PISCES,
by G. A. Boulenger, 38 pages. TUNICATA, by Prof. W. A.
Herdman, 7 pages. MOLLUSCA, by B. B. Woodward, 96
pages. Brachiopoda, by B. B. Woodward, 8 pages.
BRYOZOA (POLYZOA), by B. B. Woodward, 5 pages.
Crustacea, by R. I. Pocock, 34 pages. Arachnida, by
R. I. Pocock, 39 pages. Myriopoda and Prototracheata,
by R. I. Pocock, 7 pages. ÏNSECTA, by D. Sharp, 332
8 The Humming Bird.
pages. MANTICORA gruti, Boucard, and Ornithomya
GENICULATA, Bigot, described in the Humming-bird^ 1892,
pp. 45 and 49, have been omitted. ECHINODERMATA, by
F. A. Bather, 22 pages. VERMES, by Florence Buchanan, 88
pages. COELENTERATA, by Sidney T. Hickson, 13 pages.
SPONGIAE, by R. Hanitsch, 24 pages. PROTOZOA, by R.
Hanitsch, 32 pages.
1893.— The Ibis. Sixth Series, Vol. V. edited by Philip
Lutley Sclater. No. 17 contains: — List of Birds collected
by Mr. Alexander White in Nyassaland ; by Captain G. E.
Shelley. Melanobucco zombae, Smilorhis whytii,
TURDUS MILANJENSIS, XENOCICHLA FUSCICEPS, CALLENE
ANOMALA, APALIS FLAVIGULARIS, BRADYPTERUS NYASSAE,
POGONOCICHLA JOHNSTONI, PACHYPRORA DIMORPHA,
HlRUNDO ASTIGMA, HYPHANTORNIS BERTRANDI, and HAPLO-
PELIA JOHNSTONI, are described as new species. Beautiful
coloured plates are given of: — SMILORHIS WHYTII,
HYPHANTORNIS BERTRANDI, and HaPLOPELIA JOHNSTONI.
On the Osteology, Pterylosis and Muscular Anatomy of
the American Fin-foot (HELIORNIS SURINAMENSIS) by
Frank E. Beddard. On the Extinct Giant Birds of
Argentine, by R. Lydekker. Notes on the Birds of the
Loo-Choo Islands, by Henry Seebohm. On five apparently
new species of Birds from Hainau, by F. W. Styan.
Graminicola STRIATA, PlNAROCICHLA SCHMACKERI,
Cryptolopha bicolor, Crypsirhina nigra, and Arbori-
COLA ARDENS, are described as new species. On the Birds
of Aden, by Lieut. H. E. Barnes. Fourteen species, amongst
the 63 mentioned in this first list, are undetermined. Probably
some may be new.
Comparative Notes on the Swifts and Humming-birds,
by R. W. Shufeldt. I am glad to see that Mr. Shufeldt is of
my opinion about the Humming-birds, and that he has
adopted my Order TrOCHILI for these birds, and that he is
also of my opinion about the Swifts, which have more
affinities with the Swallows . than with any other birds,
although he proposes to create the new Order of Cypseli for
them. I say Order, instead of Sub-Order, as he proposes,
because I do not recognise Sub anywhere. They are Orders
Families, Genera, or Species, or they are nothing at all.
To be Continued.
1ST OF HUMMING BIRDS FOR SALE— at 225, High Holborn, London, W.G.
Trochilus colubris, L.
alexandri, Bourc.
Calypte costae, Bourc.
annae, Less.
Selasphorus rufus, Sw.
scintilla, Gould
platycercus, Sw.
rlammula, Salv.
Atthis heloisae, Les. and Del.
ellioti, Ridgw.
Stellula calliope, Gould .
Calothorax lucifer, Sw.
Acestrura mulsanti, Bour.
heliodori, Bour. .
decorata, Gould .
Chaetocercus rosae, Bour.
Tdmatura duponti, Less..
Myrtis fanny, Less.
Rhodopis vesper, Less. .
Thaumastura cora, Less.
Heliactin cornuta. Max. .
Doricha enicura, Vieil.
bryanthae, Lawr. .
Calliphlox amethystina, Gm.
roraimae, Boucard
Lophornis ornatus, Bodd.
magnificus, Vieill.
helenae, Del.
pavoninus, Salv. . .
stictolophus, Salv.
delattrei, Less.
Gouldia langsdorfn, Bou.
melanosternum, Gould
■ popelairei, Dubus
conversi, Bourc. . .
Discura longicauda, Rei...
Cephalolepis delalandei, Vieil.
Klais Guimeti, Bourc.
Bellona cristata, L.
— — superba, Boucard.
exilis, Gm. . .
emigrans, Lawr. .
Abeillia typica, Bou.;
Chrysolampis moschitus, L.
Eustephanus galeritus, Mol.
fernandensis, King
Patagona gigas, Vieil.
Oxypogon guerini, Boiss.
cyanolaemus, Salv.
lindeni, Parz.
Eupogonus herrani, Del. . .
Lampropogon ruficeps, Bou.
Chalcostigma heteropogon, B.
stanleyi, Bourc. . .
Metallura thyrianthina, L.
quitensis, Gould . .
aeneicauda, Gould
Avocettimus eurypterus, L.
Adelomyia melanogenys, F.
inornata, Gould . .
Urosticte benjamini, Bour.
Augastes superbus, Vieil.
lumachellus, Less.
Ramphomicron microrhynchum,
Sappho sparganura, Sh.
phaon, Gould
Lesbia nuna, Less.
gouldi, Lodd.
gracilis, Gould
victoriae, Bour.
7° aequatorialis, Boucard
7oa Cyanolesbia gorgo, Reich.
Boiss,
4
20
4
5
40
5
40
20
20
20
6
4
2
10
20
16
10
30
20
25
6
16
5
20
5
10
10
50
20
10
20
20
16
5
15
5
10
8
20
6
3
5
30
10
4
40
20
10
5o
3
10
2
4
40
10
2
30
12
40
40
3
50
40
30
4
6
5
6
6
70b Cyanolesbia coelestis, Gould
70c mocoa, Del.
7od bolivJana, Gould . .
71 Thalurania glaucopis, Gm.
72 columbica, Bourc.
73 fanniae, Bourc.
74 furcata, Gmel.
75 refulgens, Gould . .
76 nigrofasciata, Gould
77 Chlorolampis caniveti, Less.
78 osberti, Gould
79 Chlorostilbon pucherani, Bou.
bo splendidus, Vieill.
81 chrysogaster, Bourc.
82 angustipennis, Gray
83 melanorhynchus, Gould
84 assimilis, Lawr. . .
85 atala, Less.
86 Prasitis prasina, Less.
87 " daphne, Bou.
88 Panychlora aliciae, Bourc.
89 euchloris, Reich. . .
90 poortmani, Bour. . .
91 stenura, Cab.
92 Basilinna leucotis, Vieill.
93 Eucephala grayi, Del.
94 Chlorestes coerulea, Vieil.
95 Chrysuronia aenone, Less.
96 longirostris, Berl.. .
97 neera, Less.
98 eliciae, Bourc.
99 Hylocharis sapphirina, Gm.
100 cyanea, Vieill.
101 brasiliensis, Boucard
102 viridiventris, Berl.
103 Cyanophaia caerululeigularis, Gould
104 goudoti, Bourc. .
105 Polyerata amabilis, Gould
106 Damophiia typica, Bou. .
107 Agyrtria leucogaster, Gm.
108
iog
no
in
112
113
114
"5
116
117
1 1.8
119
tephrracephala, Vieil.
• tobaci, Gmel.
nigricauda, Elliott
fluviatilis, Gould . .
Uranomitra franciae, Bour.
viridiceps, Gould . .
columbiana, Boucard
milled, Bourc.
whitelyi, Boucard
- — - niveipectus, Cab. . .
Candida, Bourc. . .
brevirostris, Less.
120 Leucochloris albicollis, Rei.
121 Polytmus thaumantias, L.
122 viridissimus, Vieil.
123 Aithurus polytmus, L.
124 Eupherusa eximia, Del. . .
125 ■ egregia, Selat.
126 Callipharus nigriventris, Lawr.
127 Elvira chionura, Gould .. .
128 Hemistephania ludoviciae, Bourc
129 johannae, Bourc.
130 Schistes geoffroyi, Bourc.
131 Heliothrix auritus, Gmel.
3"3 2 auriculatus, Licht.
133 barroti, Bourc.
134 Petasophora serrirostris, Vieil.
!35 ■
136
137
136
139
cyanotis, Bourc.
cabanisi, Lawr.
thalassina, Sw.
anais, Less,
delphinae, Less.
LIST OF HUMMING BIRDS FOR SALE— at 225, High Holborn, London, W.G.
140 Eulampis jugularis, L.
141 Sericotes holosericeus, L.
142 chlorolaemus, Gould
143 Lampornis mango, L.
144 dominicus, L.
145 gramineus, Gmel.
146 nigricollis, Vieil. . .
147 prevosti, Less.
148 veraguensis, Gould
149 Hypuroptila buftoni, Less.
150 caeruleiventris, Reich.
151 isaurae, Gould
152 Glaucis hirsuta, Gmel.
153 mazeppa, Less. . .
154 aenea, Lawr.
155 Ramphodon naevius, Dum.
156 Anisoterus pretrei, Less. . .
157 augusti,- Bourc.
158 Milornis squalidus, T.
15g - rupununii, Boucard
160 longuemarei, Less.
161 Eremita pygmaea, Spix . .
162 griseigularis, Gould
163 ■ adolphi, Gould . .
164 strugularis, Gould .
165 Phaethornis superciliosus, L.
166
167
168
i6g
170
171
172
173
— largipennis, Bodd.
— obscurus, Gould - . .
-•— ejisipennis, Siv. ..
hemileucurus,Licht
eurynome, Less.
longirostris, Less.
— — panamensis, Boucard
consobrinus, Bourc.
guianensis, Boucard
syrmatophorus, Gould
antophilus, Bourc.
hispidus, Gould ..
174 Ametrornis bourcieri, Reich.
175 Toxateuches guyi, Cab. . .
176 — — - emiliae, Bourc. ...
177 Eutoxeres aquila, Bourc. . .
178 condaminei, Bourc.
179 Threnetes cervinicauda, Gould
180 ruckeri, Bourc. . .
181 Aphantochroa cirrochloris, V.
182 Campylopterus cuvieri, Del.
183
184
185
186
187 Saepiopterus lazulus, Vieil.
188 phainopeplus, Salv.
18g rufus, Less.
igo hyperythrus, Cab. . .
igi Sphenoproctus pampa, Less.
ig2 Eupetomena macroura, Gmel. . ;
ig3 Hylonympha macrocerca, Gould
194 Leadbeatera grata, Bou.
ig4aXanthogenyx salvini, d'H'am
ig5 Heliodoxa jacula, Gould
196 jamesoni, Bourc.
197 henrici, Lawr.
198 Iolaema schreibersi, Bour.
igg Sternoclyta cyanipectus, Gould
200 Eugenes fulgens, Sw.
201 Docimastes ensiferus, Boiss.
202 Caeligena clemenciae, Less.
203 Lamprolaema rha s mi, Less.
204 Oreopyra leucaspis, Gould
205 calolaema, Salv.
206 pectoralis, Salv. . .
207 Delattria henrici, Less. . .
208 viridipallens, Bourc.
20g Panterpe insignis, Cab. . .
210 Heliangelus clarissae, Long.
s.
5
4
20
10
20
4
2
10
10
2
5
30
3
4
4
16
5
10
.5
5o
10
4
4
5
5
10
5
4
12
8
10
16
3
5
16
4
, 8
, 10
, 40
. 10
. 12
• 5
. 12
. 10
. 10
. 8
• 5
■ 3
• 5o
• 25
• 5o
. 8
■ 4
. 40
• 4
. 60
. 10
. 16
. 20
. 20
. 40
• 5
. 6
. 8
. 6
. 20
. 20
• 3o
. 12
• 5
. 40
• 3
211 Heliangelus strophianus, Gould
212 spencei, Bourc.
213 Heliotrypha exortis, Fras.
214 simoni, Boucard ..
215 — ■ — viola, Gould
216 Erebenna derbiana, Del. ..
217 Engyete alinae, Bourc. ..
218 Steganura underwoodi, Less.
21g melananthera, Jard.
220 Threptria aureliae, Bourc.
221 russata, Gould . .
222 assimilis, Elliot . .
223 Panoplites flavescens, Lod.
224 matthewsi, Bour. . .
225 — — jardinei, Bourc. ..
226 Eriocnemis vestita, Long.
227
228
nigrivestis, Bourc.
cupreiventris, Fras.
22g luciani, Bourc.
230 mosquerae, Bourc.
231 Amazilia amazili, Less. ..
232 : cinnamomea, Less.
233 fuscicaudata, Fras.
234 viridigaster, Bourc.
235 edwardi, Del.
236 niveiventris, Gould
237 cupreicauda, Salv.
238 beryllina, Licht. . .
2 39 mariae, Bourc.
240 Saucerottia erythronota, Less.
— feliciae, Less.
— -— wellsi, Boucard .
hoffmanni, Cab. .
sophiae, Bourc. .
saucerottei, Del.„ .
cyanifrons, Bourc.
241
242
2 43
244
245
246
247 Topaza pella, L.
248 pyra, Gould
24g Margarochrysis aurescens, Gould
250 Clytolaema rubinea, Gmel.
251 rubinoides, Bourc.
252 — — aequatorialis, Gould
253 Lafresnaya flavicaudata, Fras. . .
254 g a yii Bourc.
255 Aglaeactis cupripennis, Bourc. . .
256 caumatonata, Gould
257 pamela, Dorb.
258 Florisuga mellivora, L. . .
25g fusca, Vieil.
260 Oreotrochilus leucopleurus, Gould
261 chimborazo, Del.
262 pichincha, Bourc.
263 Floricola longirostris, V. . .
264 ■ pallidiceps, Gould
265 constanti, Del.
266 Lepidolarynx mesoleucus. T.
267 Diphlogaena hesperus, Gould . .
268 Helianthea eos, Gould
26g bonapartei, Boiss.
270 typica, Gould
271 Homophania torquata, Boiss.
272 fulgidigula, Gould
273 conradi, Bourc.
274 Bourcieria prunellii, Bourc.
275 wilsoni, Del.
276 Lampropygia coeligena, Less. . .
277 columbiana, Elliot
278 Calligenia lutetiae, Del. . .
27g Pterophanes temminckii, Boiss...
This List cancels all previous ones.
■m
Vol. IV. Part IL] JUNE, 1894.
[Price 2/6.
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Contents of Vol. I.
Preface— 'What is to be seen everywhere in London —
The McKinley Bill— The Panama Canal— Notes on the
Genus Pharomacrus — An easy way of making £100 a
a year — Reports on Public Sales of Feathers and Bird
Skins — Rapport sur la Vente publique, de plumes et
d'Oiseaux à Londres, Décembre, 1890 — The Museum
of la Plata, and my idea of a typical and practical
Museum of Natural History— Reports on Public Sales
of Postage Stamps — Notes on rare species of Humming
Birds, and Descriptions of several supposed new species
— Second International Ornithological Congress —
Answers to Correspondents — Description of a supposed
new species of Parrot in Boucard's Museum — Notes on
the Crowned Superb Warbler (Mahtrttscoronat-us (Gould)
— A Visit to the Gardens of Zoological Society of Lon-
don — British Museum (Zoological Department) — Royal
Aquarium — Books and Journals received — Obituary —
Description of a supposed new species of Paradise bird
in Boucard's Museum — The Pilgrim Locust — Descrip-
tion of a supposed new species of Tanager — Notes on
the great Bower Bird (Chlamydodera nuchalis, Jard) —
Collections made in Thibet and Central Asia — A Visit to
the British Museum (Natural History Department) —
The Plantain or Banana Plant — Inauguration of the
statue of Pierre Belon, the Naturalist — A Giant
Land Crab — Review of new Scientific Books — Report
on the Public Sale of the celebrated Collection of Shells,
formed by the late Sir David Barclay, and sold at
Steven's on Monday, the 6th of July, and- following days
— Recommendations for the prevention of damage by
some common Insects of the Farm, the Orchard, and
the Garden — La Vie champêtre. La Destruction de la
Larve du Hanneton (Melolontha vulgaris) — Crocodile,
Snake, and Fish skins for industrial purposes— World's
Columbian Exposition, Bâtiment de l'Administation.
The same, Vol. II. London, 1892 ... ... 10/-
ContentsofVol.il.
Description of a supposed new Species of Humming Birds,
in Boucard's Museum— The World's Fair, Inter-
national Exposition of Chicago — Review of New
Scientific Books — Notes on the Rare Pheasant,
Rheinardius ocellatus — Books received- — Celebrated
Gallery of Old Masters, of the late General Marquess
de Garbarino — Customs Tariff of Great Britain and
Ireland— Obituary — Biographical Notes on Henry
Walter Bates, F.R.S., etc. (with portrait) — American
Pearls — Fish from Volcanoes — A very large Tree — A
Curious Rat Catcher — List of Birds collected, by Mr.
Hardy at Porto-Real, Brazil, with description of one
supposed New Species — Description of a supposed New
Species of the genus Manticora, " Cicindelidae," from
Damara Land, South Africa — Description d'une espèce
nouvelle de Diptère parasite de Costa Rica, Ornithom-
yia geniculata — The Completion of the Panama Canal
— A complete list, up to date, of the Humming Birds
found in Columbia, with descriptions of several supposed
New Species — Christopher Columbus — Festivities and
Exhibitions, held in honour of Christopher Columbus in
America, Spain, Italy and France — America — Le Canal
de Panama— International Exhibition in Monaco — A
new Emission of Postage Stamps.
REVIEW OF NEW PUBLICATIONS, «emprising :—
Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithso-
nian Institution, 1890-1891 — Catalogue of Birds in the
British Museum, Vol. XX., 1891, Vol. XVI., 1892,
Vol. XXII., 1892— Zoological Record, Vol. XXVIII.,
1892— Proceedings of the- Zoological Society of London,
1892 — The Ibis, Vol. IV., Sixth Series, 1892 — Mémoires
de la Société Zoologique de France, Vol. V., 1892 —
Memorias y Revista de la S°ciedad cientifica, Antonio
Alzate^ 1892— Actes de la Société scientifique du Chili.
Vol. I., 1892 — The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine,
1892, etc.
OBITUARY:—
August von Pelzén— Dom Pedro d' Alcantara— M.
Alphand — Monseigneur Freppel — Armand de Quatre-
fages de Breau — Duke of Clarencï— Henry Walter
Bates — Etienne Arago — Hermann Charles Burmeister
— Carl August Dohrn— Marshal da Fonseca — Ernest
Renan — Alfred Tennyson — Xavier Marmier.
GENERA OF HUMMING BIRDS, by A. Boucard,
pages 1 to 56.
Sauvetage du Panama, 4éme edition, Brochure
in 8vo., 32 pages. Tours, 1892.. .. .. 6d.
Catalogue des Collections d'historie
naturelle récoltées au Mexique par M.
Adolphe Boucard ... ... .. .. 1/-
Catalogue de Mammifères, Oiseaux Reptiles,
Poissons et Coquilles de la Californie,
Louisiane, Mexique et Uruguay ... ... 1/-
Catalogue de Carabiques et Colcoptères
divers, 1477 espèces ... .. .. ... 1/-
Catalogue d'Héteromères et de Curculio
nides, 2242 espèces ... .. .. . . 1/-
Catalogue d'Oiseaux, Reptiles et Poissons,
1157 espèces .. .. .. .. . . 1/-
Liste de Coléoptères exotiques, 2636 espèces 1/6
Liste des Coléoptères en vente chez M.
Adolphe Boucard, 7956 espèces ... ... 4/-
Liste des Oiseaux en vente chez M. Adolphe
Boucard, 4584 espèces ... .. .. 4/-
La série complète des huit Catalogues et Listes ... 12/-
The Humming Bird. g
Continued from page 8.
He mentions 61 important structural differences existing"
between CYPSELI and TrOCHILI. To these structural differ-
ences he could have added many other differences in their
external appearances and habits.
I think it is quite wrong to rely on anatomy only, as it is
usually done now by the majority of authors of systematic
classification. I am of opinion that the external characters
have as much importance as the internal ones.
Notes on Collecting in Koua, Hawai,hy A. C. L. Perkins.
Descriptions of three new Birds from the Sandwich Islands,
by the Hon. Walter de Rothschild. HEMIGNATHUS ÀFFINIS,
LOXOPS OCHRACEA, and PALMERIA MIRABILIS, a new genus
of the family MELIPHAGIDAE, are described as new species.
No. 1 8 contains : — On the Birds of Aden, by Lieut. H.
E. Barnes. In this second and last part, sixty-three species
are recorded, six of which are undetermined. On the Ocurr-
,ence of the Sharp-tailed Sandpiper (Tringa acuminata) in
Norfolk, by Henry Seebohm. A beautiful coloured plate of
this species is given. List of Birds observed in the Canary
Islands, by E. C. Meade- Waldo. Many native names are
given. On a remarkable new Finch from the Island of
Bolivia, by Hans. Graf von Berlepsch. The generic name of
COMPROSPIZA is proposed for this new form of Fringillidae,
on which Mr. Berlepsch has bestowed the name of GARLEPPI,
the discoverer of this fine bird. A beautiful coloured plate
accompanies the description. Remarks on the Birds of the
Gilbert Islands, by L. W. Winglesworth. On the Bird
indicated by the Greek, /Jxkviov, by H. B. Tristram. On the
Species of ZoSTEROPS found in the Island of Java, by
Henry Seebohm. On the Species of Merula found in the
Island of Java, by Henry Seebohm. Notes on Birds observed
during a Collecting Expedition to Eastern Africa, by Frank
Finn. Forty. eight species are mentioned. On some Genera
of Oriental Barbets, by W. T. Blandford. On ACREDULA
CAUDATA, and its allied forms , by H. E. Dresser. Notes on
Paramythia montium and Amalocichla sclateriana, by
Dr. Philip Lutley Sclater. Mr. Sclater is of opinion that this
remarkable bird must come into the Fringilliform OSCINES,
but does not fit well with any of the groups of this section,
and proposes for it the new family name of Paramythiidae,
coming perhaps nearest to the Ampelidae and some of the
Dicaeidae. As to AMALOCICHLA SCLATERIANA, he thinks
io The Humming Bird.
that this form rather belongs to the Turdidae than to the
Timeliidae, as suggested by Mr. de Vis. These two birds
are from British New Guinea. A fine coloured plate of
PARAMYTHIA MONTIUM is given. Note on the proper use of
the Generic terms CERTHIOLA and CAEREBA, by Dr. Philip
Lutley Sclater.
No. 19 contains : — On the Birds of the Islands of
Aruba, Curacao, and Bonaire , by Ernst Hartert, 40 species
are mentioned from Aruba, 39 from Curacao, and 38 from
Bonaire. A beautiful coloured plate of Chrysotis OCHROP-
TERA, and CHRYSOTIS ROTSCHILDï is given. On the Collection
of Raptorial Birds in the Norwich Museu?n, by j. H. Gurney.
Notes on the Nestling of some Shetland Birds, by Ernest W.
H. Blagg. On the Cause of Variation, in the shape of the
Eggs of Birds, by Henry Seebohm. On a point in the
mechanism of the Bill in Birds, by W. P. Pycraft. Swifts
and Humming Birds, by Frederic A. Lucas. On the Occurence
of White's Thrush in European Russia, by Dr. M. Menzbier.
On the Nest and Eggs 0/GERYGONE MAGNIROSTRIS, Gould,
by Alfred J. North. Notes on the Synonymy of some Palaeartic
Birds, by H. E. Dresser. On the avifauna of Mount Duli,
and the Baram district in the territory of Sarawak, by
Charles Hose. Two hundred and sixty-six species are enum-
erated, and beautiful coloured plates of ORIOLUS HOSEI,
and SCOPS brookii, are given. On the Birds of Hainan,
by F. W. Styan. One hundred and fifty nine species are
mentioned. CRYPTOPHA BICOLOR, Styan, is the same as
HERPORNIS TYRANNULUS, Swinhoe. PlNAROCICKLA SCHM-
ACKERI, Styan, is the same as CRINIGER PALLIDUS, Swinhoe.
CRYPSIRHINA NIGRA, Styan, is TEMNURUS NIGER. A fine
coloured plate of Aboricola ardens is given.
Part XX. contains : — On the Egg of the Empress
Augusta Victoria's Paradise Bird, by Dr. A. B. Meyer. A
coloured plate is given. Eield Notes on the Birds of Estancia,
Sta Ele?ta, Argentine Republic, by A. H. Holland, with
remarks by P. L. Sclater. Fifteen species are mentioned. A
Review of the Species of the family PlTTIDAE, by John
Whitehead. Forty-eight of these fine birds are recognised as
distinct species, and very interesting notes are given on many
of them. Notes on certain species of New Zealand Birds, by
W. W. Smith. A list of the Birds inhabiting the Chatham
Islands, by H. O. Forbes. PHALACROCORAX ONSLOWI, and
Phalacrocorax ROTSCHILDï, are prososed for two new
The Humming Bird. 1 1
species of Cormorants. Eggs of GALLINAGO PUSILLA, Gar-
RODIA NEREIS, CABALUS MODESTUS, THINORNIS NOVOE-
ZELA'NDIAE, and Young of GALLINAGO PUSILLA and
THINORNIS NOVOE-ZELANDIAE are figured. Bornean Notes,
by R. Bowdler Sharpe. They are divided as follows : —
I. — First List of Birds from Mount Kalulong, Sarawak.
II. — A List of the Birds collected by Mr. A. H. Everett on
Mount Penriseu and Mount Poeh, in Sarawak. III. — Des-
cription of a new Spilornis from Borneo. SPILORNIS RAJA
is the name proposed for it. IV. — A Note on the BAZA of
Borneo. V. — Notes on Mr. A. H. Everett's Collection of
Birds from Northern Borneo and Sarawak. VI. — Additions
to the Avifauna of Mount Kina Balu. The name of Arach-
NOPHARIS EVERETT! is proposed for a new species of Spider-
hunter. VII. — Description of the Nest and Eggs of Staphidia
EVERETTI. On the Mechanism of the upper mandible in the
Scolopacidae, by R. W, Shufeldt. On the validity of
CHRYSOTIS CANIFRONS, by George Lawrence.
1894. THE IBIS, Vol. XL, No. 21, January 1894 con-
tains: — Second List of Birds collected by Mr. Alexander
Why te in Nyassaland, by Captain G. E. Shelley, Pro-
DOSTICUS ZAMBESIAE, XENOCICKLA MILANYENSIS, PHYLLOS-
TREPHUS CERVIN1VENTRIS, ANDROPADUS ZOMBENSIS, SYLVI-
ELLA WHYTli, LANIARIUS BERTRANDI, HyPHANTORNIS
NYASSAE, PYRENESTES MINOR, and FRANCOLINUS JOHNSTONI,
are described as new species. XENOCICKLA MILANJENSIS,
and FUSCICEPS, Phyllostrophus cerviniventris, and
LANIARIUS BERTRANDI, are figured. On some Birds from
Bugotu, Solomon Islands, and Santa Cruz, by H. B.
Tristram, ZOSTEROPS METCALFii, and MACROCORAX VEGETUS,
from Bugotu, and ZOSTEROPS SANCTAE-CRUCIS, from Santa
Cruz are described as new species. ZOSTEROPS METCALFii,
and RENDOVAE are figured. On the Taxonomy of the
Swifts and Humming- Birds, by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt. This
is a rejoinder to the paper entitled, Swifts and Humming-
Birds, by F. A. Lucas, which appeared in Part 19 of the
Ibis, Mr. Shufeldt maintains his opinion about the great
differences existing between these birds. On the Birds of
the Calcutta District, by Philip W. Munn, 152 species are
mentioned, and English names are given for all of them.
Notes on some Tunisian Birds, by T. T. S. Whitaker, 62
species are mentioned. On the interbreeding of RHIPIDURA
FULIGINOSA with R. FLABELLIFERA, by T. C. McLean. On
the Chrysotis canifrons of Lawrence, by Ernst Hartert. A
12 The Humming Bird.
rejoinder to the paper entitled, On the validity of CHRYSOTIS
CANIFRONS, by George Lawrence, Ibis, 1893, Part 20.
Ornithology at Munich, Stullgart, Darmstadt, Frankfort
and Cassell, by Philip Lutley Sclater. Description of a new
species of Grebe from Central Peru, by Von Berlepsch and
Jean Stolzmann. PODICEPS TACZANOWSKii, is the name pro-
posed for it. A beautiful coloured illustration of the species
is given.
1892-1893. — Bulletin of the British Ornitholo-
gists' Club. — At the first meeting held on the 19th of
October, 1892, Dr. Bowdler Sharpe proposed the following new
names for several birds forwarded by Mr. Everett, from the
Island of Mantanani, and by Mr. Charles Hose, from Mount
Dulit, in Sarawak : — SCOPS MANTANANENSIS, SCOPS CROOKri,
Oriolus ROSii, and Batrachostomus MIXTUS.
Mr.Ogilvie Grant sent the description of a new Caloperdix
from Borneo, which he proposes to name Caloperdix
BORNEENSIS, and another species from Sumatra, which he
calls Caloperdix Sumatrana.
Captain Shelley sent the descriptions of several new
species from Africa as follows : — Cynniris NESOPHlLUS r
Zosterops anderssoni, Parus xanthostomus, and Parus
ROVUMAE.
Dr. Sharpe proposed the name of STACHYRIS DAVISONI
for a new species, collected by Mr. Davison at Pahang.
At the second meeting, held on the 1st December 1892,,
Count Salvadori proposed the names of PHLOGAENAS
BIMACULATA, for a new Pigeon from Macassar and PHLO-
GAENAS ALBICOLLIS, for another new species from Bow Island.
The Hon. Walter de Rotschild proposed the name of
PTILOPUS SALVADORii, for a new Pigeon from the Island of
Jobi.
Mr. Ernst Hartert proposed the names of MyarCHUS
BREVIPENNIS, for a new Fly-catcher from the Islands of Aruba,
Curacao and Bonaire, CHRYSOTIS ROTSCHILDI for a new
species of Parrot, from Bonaire, and Strix BARGEI, for anew
species of Owl from Curacao.
At the third meeting of the Club, held the 31st December,
1892, Mr. Dresser proposed the name of ACREDULA
MACEDONICA, for a new species of that genus, from Monte
Olympo.
The Hum?ning Bird. 13
Mr. Hartert proposed the name of CONURUS ARURENSIS,
for a new Parrot from Aruba, West Indies.
The Hon. Walter de Rotschild proposed the name of
ANAS LAYSANENSIS, for a new species of Duck from the
Island of Laysan, North Pacific.
Dr. Bowdler Sharpe proposed the name of RHIPIDURA
BUETTIKOFERI, for a new species of Rhipidura from the
Island of Dammar in the Banda Sea.
At the fourth meeting of the British Orinthologists' Club,
held on the 26th of January, 1893, The Hon. Walter de
Rotschild proposed the name of HEMIGNATHUS LANAIENSIS,
for a new species of Hemignathus from the Island of Lanai,
Sandwich.
Mr. Henry Seebohm proposed the name of MERULA
WHITEHEADI, for a new species obtained near Tozari in East
Java, by Mr. Whitehead. He also proposed the name of
ZOSTEROPS NEGLECTA, for a new species found in Java by
Mr. Whitehead.
Dr. Bowdler Sharpe proposed new generic names for
some species of Rallidae, as under : —
TRICHOLIMNAS, Type T. lafresnayanus, Verr.
Dryolymnas, Type D. cuvieri, Pucher.
Cartahg-LIMNAS, Type C. canningi, Blyth.
CRECOPSIS, Type C. egregia, Peters.
OENOLYMNAS, Type Œ. isabellinus, Schl.
AMAUROLYMNAS, Type A. concolor, Gosse.
Anurolymnas, Type A. castaneiceps, Scl and Salv.
POLIOLYMNAS, Type P. cinereus, V.
MiCROTRiBONYX, Type M. ventralis, Gould.
At the fifth meeting of the Club, held the 1st of March,
1893, Mr. H. E. Dresser proposed on behalf of Mr. John
Whitehead the name of CRYPTOLOPHA XANTHOPYGIA, for a
new species from Palawan Islands.
Mr. Osbert Salvin proposed the names of Cyphorinus
RICHARDSONI, for a new species collected by Mr. Richardson
in Nicaragua ; and Rhopoterpe STICTOPTERA, for a new
species also discovered by Mr. Richardson in Nicaragua.
He also proposed the name of OESTRELATA AXILLARIS, for
a new species of Petrel from Chatham Islands.
At the sixth meeting of the Club, held on the 15th of
March, 1893, the Hon. Walter de Rothschild proposed the
name of PSEUDONESTOR for a new genus and a new species
14 The Humming Bird.
of Fringilline bird, allied to PsiTTACiROSTRA from Sand-
wich Islands, which he proposes to call PSEUDONESTOR
XANTOPHRYS.
Dr. Bowdler Sharpe proposed the new generic names of
HELIOPAIS, Type PODICA PERSONATA, Gray, for the Burmese
Fin-Feet. He also proposed the names of LiMNOGERANUS,
Type Limnogeranus americanus, L. SARCOGERANUS, Type
Sarcorgeranus leucogeranus Pall. PSEUDOGERANUS, Type
Pseudogeranus loucauchen, T. lor some new Genera of Cranes.
Mr. Hartert proposed the name of EUETHEIA SHARPEI,
for a new Finch collected by him at Bonaire, Curaçao, and
Aruba.
At the seventh meeting held on the 19th of April 1893,
Mr. Ernst Hartert proposed the name of PlSORHlNA SOLO-
KENSIS, for a new Scops-Owl, from Sumatra.
The Hon. Walter de Rotschild proposed the name of
RALLUS MUELLERI, for a new species of Rail from Auckland
Island, south of New Zealand. He also proposed the names
of ACRULOCERCUS BISHOPI, HlMATIONE NEWTONI, and
HlMATlONE WILSONI, for three new birds from Sandwich
Islands.
At the eighth meeting of the Club, held on the 17th of
May, 1893, Canon Tristram proposed the name of
GALLINAGO HUEGUELI for a new Snipe from Snares Islands.
The Hon. Walter de Rotschild proposed the name of
DiOMEDEA IMMUTABIILIS, for a new species of Albatross
from Laysan Island, North Pacific.
Mr. Osbert Salvin proposed the names of Metallura
ATRIGULARIS and Metallura BARONI for two new species of
Humming-Birds from Ecuador, collected by Mr. 0. T. Baron.
Dr. Bowdler Sharpe proposed the new generic names
HETEROTIS, Type Heterotis vigorsi, Smith. NEOTIS, Type
Neotis ludivigi, Rupp. HOUBAROPSIS, Type Houbaropsis
bengalensis, Gm., for new genera of Otides.
At the ninth meeting of the Club, held on the 21st of
June, 1893, Dr. Bowdler Sharpe proposed the generic name
Aramidopsis for Rallus plateni, Blasius. He also proposed
the names TURDINUS KALULONGAE, GLAUCIDIUM BORNEENSE
and SPILORNIS RAJA for three new birds from Sarawak.
The Hon. Walter de Rotschild proposed the names
LOXOPS WOLSTENHOLMEI, VlRIDONIA MACULATA, ANOUS
The Humming Bird. 15
HAWAÎENSIS, OESTRELATA NIGRIPENNIS, THALASSOGERON
SALVINI, and DiOMEDEA BULLERI, for six new species from the
Island of Oahu, Hawai, Kermadec Island and New Zealand.
At the tenth meeting of the Club, held on the 18th of
October, 1893, Mr. Jackson proposed the name DRYOSCAPUS
PRlNGLii, for a new species of Bush-Shrike, collected by him
in Eastern Africa.
Mr. E. Hargitt proposed the name PlCUMNUS SALVINI,
for a new species allied to P. UNDULATA, from Giuana. No
locality is given.
Dr. Bowdler Sharpe proposed the name ARDEIRALLUS
PRAETERMISSUS for a new species from Ceram and Bourou.
At the eleventh meeting of the Club, held on the 15th of
November, 1893, Mr. Osbert Salvin' proposed the name
ANTHOCEPHALA BERLEPSCHI, for a new species of Humming-
Bird from Columbia.
The Hon. Walter de Rothschild stated that the bird
described by him as PaLMERIA MIRABILIS, is the same as
HlMATlONE DOLE1, Wils., but as it is a genus very distinct of
HlMATlONE, the name of this peculiar bird must stand hence-
forth as PALMERIA DOLEI, Wils.
Dr. Bowdler Sharpe. proposed the names SCOPS
SIBUTUENSIS, Prionuturus verticalis, Dicaeum sibu-
TUENSE, and Edolisoma EVERETTI, for four new birds from
Sibutu and Bongao Islands.
1892. — Mémoires de la Société ZoologIque de
France, Tome V., 5 ème partie.
Diptères nouveaux, bv T. M. Bigot, continued. Rapport
sur le Congrès Ornithologique international de Budapest,
by E. Oustalet. Etudes sur la faune macalogique des Iles
Sandwich, by C. Felix Ancey. Pupa ACANTHINULA, LYON-
siana, and magdalenae,Caecilianella baldwini, Amastra
FROSTI, and CARELIA SINCLA1RI, are described as new species.
Etudes sur l'écrivain ou Gribouri (ADOXUS VITIS) Kirby, by
H. Jolicoe'ur and E. Topsent. — Echinides nouveaux ou peu
connus, by G. Cotteau. ClDARlS FELICIAE, and REJAUDRYI,
CAELOPLEURUS, ISABELLE, HEMIPNEUSTES ARNAUDI, STRICTE-
CHINUS POUECHI, are described as new species. STRICTE-
CHINUS is the name of a new genus, proposed by Mr. Cotteau
for the last species.
1893. — Mémoires de la Société Zoologique de
France, Tome VI.
1 6 The Humming Bird.
PART Land II. contains: — Etude zoologique et anatomique
du TROGLYPHUS MALUS, et de sa nymphe hypopiale, by J.
Lignières. Etude zoologique et anatomique de l'Hemisar-
COPTES COCCISUGUS, by the same author. Les Oiseaux
hybrides reucontrês à l'état sauvage, par André Suchetet,
fourth contribution. ACCIPITRES, Voyage de Mr. Ch. Alluaud
aux Iles Canaries: — ISOPODES TERRESTRES, by Adrien Dolfus.
Armadillo canariensis and ausseli, Porcellio ovalis,
CANARIENSIS, ALLUAUDI, and SPINIPES, and METOPONOR-
THRUS STRICTICAUDA, are described as new species.
Monographie des MiLiOLiDÉES, du golfe de Marseille, by
C. Schumberger. MASSILINA is proposed as a new genus
for M. secans, d'Orb. SPIROLOCULINA INAEQUILATERALIS,
SlGMOILINA COSTATA, TRILOCULINA MARIONI, QuiNQUELO-
CULINA STELLIGERA, MASSILINA ANNECTENS, are described
as new species. Cinqiuème note sur les Nematodes libres de
la Mer du Nord et de la Manche, by Dr. T. G. de Man.
Thalassoalaimus, Trefusia, Siphonolaimus, Triodonto-
LAIMUS, ENOPLOLAIMUS, are proposed for five new genera.
Thalassoalaimus tardus, Monohystera leptosoma,
Trefusia longicauda, Ar^fxolaimus microphthalmus,
spilaphora parva, gracilicauda and dolichura, chro-
madora poecilosoma, Siphonolaimus niger, Enoplo-
LAIMUS VULGARIS, are described as new species. Deuxième
Rapport sur la Nomenclature des Etres organisés, by Dr.
Raphael Blanchard. Contribution à l'histoire naturelle du
Hanneton (MELOLONTHA VULGARIS), by Xavier Raspail.
Seven black plates, illustrating some species of MiLOLlDAE
and Nematodes, are given at the end of these parts.
Part III. contains : — Voyages de la goélette Melita, sur
les côtes orientales de l'Océan Atlantique et dans la Méditer-
ranée, Céphalopodes, by Dr. Louis Joubin. Nouvelles
Recherches sur V existence de l' Epervier majeur, ACCIPITER
MAJOR, Degl. by Xavier Raspail. CANTHOCAMPTUS GRAN-
didieri, Alona cambouei, «0kz/£0«.#Entomostracés d'eau
douce de Madagascar, by Jules de Guerne and Jules Richard.
La Graphitose et la Septicémie chez les Insectes, by I.
Krasilshtshik. Notes pour servir à la connaissance des
Mutilles palêarctiques et Description de quelques espèces
nouvelles, by Ernest André. Mutilla DALMATICA, INNESI,
SEMIRUFA, PECTINIFERA and SCHULTHESSI are described as new
species. De la Nomenclature zoologique, by Dr. Charles Girard.
1893. — Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de
France.
The Humming Bird. 17
Part I. contains : — Courtes Notices sur les Hirudinêes,
VIL, VIII., IX., by Dr. Raphael Blanchard. Sur quelques
Oiseaux de V Inde, du Tibet, et de la Chine, by E. Oustalet.
The names oiLophophorus Mantoui, and obscurus are proposed
for two varieties of L. impeyanus. I am of opinion that the
distinct coloration of these birds arises from natural or acci-
dental causes, and that they cannot be considered as distinct
species. (Edit.) Palaeornis Salvadorii is proposed for a
new species of Parrot discovered by Mr. Armand David in
Tibet. Les Zoologistes actuels, by L. H. Herrera. Remarques
sur quelques espèces du genre BULIMINUS, avec les descriptions
de plusieurs espèces nouvelles de ce genre, by C. F. Ancey.
BULIMINUS SEMENOVI, ANNENKOVI, are described as new
species. Faunes malacologiques de V Afghanistan et Bélout-
chistan, by C. F. Ancey. BULIMINUS SINDICUS, Bens, var
OROBIA, KAYBERENSIS, COELOCENTRUM, var SUBOVATA and
AUSTENIANA are described. Note Préliminaire sur une Plan-
aire sp., by Xavier Raspail. Note sur deux espèces nouvelles
de Mammifères rapportées par Jean Dybowski de la région de
V Ourangui, by E. de Pousargues. GALAGO (HEMIGALAGO)
ANOMURUS, CROSSARCUS DYBOWSKII are proposed for these
new species. Sur une Collection de Poissons recueillie, par
Mr. Chaper à Borneo, by Léon Vaillant. Ninetv-two species
are mentioned. The name DlASTATOMYCTER is proposed for
a new genus. Type D. CHAPERI, Vaill. Amblyrhynchich-
TRYS ALTUS, DlASTATOMYCTER CHAPERI, and CALLICHROUS
EUGENEIATUS, are described as new species.
Part II. — Sur un crapaud pourvu d'un appendice caudal,
by Ernest Olivier. Un Saurien nouveau et un Ophidieu
rare pour l'Algérie, by Ernest Olivier. Quatrième CAM-
PAGNE, de l'Hirondelle, 1888, Sur les Crustacés amphi-
podes recueillis dans lestomac des Ger?nons, by Edward
Chevreux. Observations d'anatomie comparée sur V estomac
des Camêliens, by J. A. Cordier. Contributions à la faune
malacologique des Iles Sechelles, by Ph. Dautzenberg. Sur
le mouvement de manège chez les Souris, by Remy Saint-
Loup. Thermo-Régulateur , by Charles Janet. Notes Or-
nithologiques, by Ch. van Kempen. Courtes Notices sur les
Hirudinêes X., XL and XII., by Dr. Raphael Blanchard.
PLACOBDELLA is proposed for a new genus. PLACOBDELLA
RABOTI and GUERNEI are described as new species.
Part III. contains : — Courtes Notices sur les Hiru-
dinêes XI IL, by Dr. Raphael Blanchard. Contribution a
Tetude de la faune microscopique des eaux de Paris et de
1 8 The Humming Bird.
ses environs, by A. Certes. SPHAEROMA DUGESI, n.sp., by
Adrien Dolfus, for a new species from Aguas-Calientes,
Mexico. Congrès international de Zoologie. A permanent
Committee was constituted as follows : —
President : M. Milne Edwards (Paris).
Vice-Presidents : M. Jentinck (Leyden), Count Kapnist
(Moscou), M. Th. Studer (Berne), M. L. Vaillant (Paris).
General Secretary: Dr. Raphael Blanchard (Paris).
Secretary : Baron J. de Guerne (Paris).
The Permanent Committee proposes the following
question for the prize of His Royal Highness the Tzarevitch,
which will be delivered in 1895 at the Leyden Congress : —
Study of the fauna of one of the great regions of the
world, and the relations of that fauna with the neighbouring
ones.
Manuscripts or printed works must be in French, and
sent to the President of the Committee, 7, Rue des Grands
Augustins, Paris, before the first of May, 1895. Anomalie de
la Carapace chez la Cistude d' Europe, by Dr. Raphael
Blanchard. Une nouvelle planaire terrestre d' Europe, by
L. von Graff. RHYNCODEMUS PYRENAICUS is the name
bestowed for it. Notes sur quelques A?nphipodes Méditer-
ranéens, de la famille des Orchestidae, by Ed. Chevreux.
Etude des Mues subies par les chenilles de la livrée, BOMBYX
NEUSTRIA, by T. Lignières. Sur une pierre de serpent, by
Dr. Raphael Blanchard. Description d'une nouvelle Hélice
de Kabylie, by C. F. Ancey. HELIX SUBAPERTA is the name
given. Description d'une espèce nouvelle de Pupa provenant
de l'Algérie, by C. F. Ancey. Pupa CARTENNENSIS. Des-
cription d'une nouvelle espèce de Cypris, vivant dans les
eaux ther?nales du hammam-meskhoutine , by R. Moniez.
Cypris balnearia is the name proposed for it.
Part IV. contains : — Note sur une adaptation particu-
lière de certains, Chromatophores chez un Céphalopode,
CHIROLEUTHIS BOMPLANDI, Vérant, by Dr. Jourbin. HETERO-
CHAETA GRIMALDII, Calanide nouveau provenant de la
troisième campagne scientifique du yatch, THlRONDELLE, by
Dr. Jules Richard. ALLOLOBOPHORA SAVIGNYI, Lombricien
nouveau du sud ouest de la France, by M.M.J, de Guerne and
R. Horst. Diagnose d'une espèce nouvelle' de Rongeur du
genre, Golunda de la collection Dybowskyi, by E. de
Pousargues. GOLUNDA DIBOVVSKYI is the name proposed for
The Humming Bird. 19
it. Five specimens were obtained near the post fixed by Mr.
Dybowsky on la Kemo, by 6° 17' latitude North, and 17 15'
longitude East. Description d'un, Lecanium MEXICAIN, by
T. D. A. Cockerell. Lecanium SCHINI, Licht litt, is the
name proposed for it. Etude sur les Fourmis, by Ch. Janet.
Spongiaires récoltés par Mr. Ch. Alluaud aux Iles Sechelles,
by E. Topsent. Note sur la faune des Spongilides de
France, by E. Topsent. Note sur quelques éponges du golfe
de Tadjoura, recueillies par Mr. leDocteur L. Faurot, by
E. Topsent, AXOSUBERITES is proposed for a new genus.
Anoxuberites fauroti, Reniera ramusculoides and
DEPRESSA are proposed for three new species.
Part V. contains :- — Crustacés Isopodes terrestres from
Seychelles, by Adrien Dolfus. ANOMALISCUS is proposed for
a new genus. ANOMALISCUS OVATUS and Tylos MINOR are
proposed for two new species. Sur le mouvement de manège
chez les Insectes, by Alphonse L. Herrera. Courtes Notices
sur les Hirudinées, by Dr. Raphael Blanchard, XX., XXL,
XXII. and XVIII. Notes pour servir à la faune du Depart-
ment du Doubs (Oiseaux), by E. Oustalet. Fifty-two species
are enumerated. Sur deux Coccidies nouvelles, parasites des
poissons, by Alphonse Labbé. Coccidium lucidum and Coccidie
de la Motelle are the names proposed. Arachnides des Iles
Sechelles, by E. Simon, Cryptotrele alluaudi, Club ion a
marensis, Dendrolycosa tenella, Oxyopes alluaudi, and
Viciria, tenuimanus, are the names proposed for the new
species discovered by Mr. Alluaud.
Part VI. and last for 1893, contains : — Sur quelques
Gordiens nouveaux ou peu connus, by Lorenzo Camerano.
Gordius raphaelis, is proposed for a new species. Du nom
générique des Caimans à plastron osseux, by Leon Vaillant.
Sur le transport des Oeufs d'un ?iid dans un autre par une
Perdrix grise, by Xavier Raspail. Note sur un second
exemple d'incubation commencée et continuée par un mâle de
Passereaux, by Xavier Raspail. Sur le mouvement de manège
chez les Insectes, by Raphael Dubois.
A propos d'une méduse observée par le D'Tautain, dans
le Niger, à Bamakou (Soudan français) j by Jules de Guerne.
Note sur les PLATYPEZIDAE, fossiles de l'ambre tertiaire,
by Fernand Meunier. A propos de nomenclature, by Ph.
Dautzenbergand G. Dolfus A rejoinder to Doctor Ch. Girard.
Notes pour servir à la faune du Départe?neut du Doubs
(Mammifères, by E. Oustalet. Sur la vitesse de croissance
20 The Humming Bird.
chez les Souris, by Re my Saint Loup. Du langage chez le
Coq et la Poule ordinaires, by L. B. de Kerhervé. Sur le
nouveau Diapisde,du Mexique, by T. D. A. Cockerell. Myti-
LASPIS PHILOCOCCUS, is the name proposed for it.
1892. — Congrès International des Amèricanistes
Compte Rendu de la huilième Session tenue à Paris en
1890, Paris. This large volume of 704 pages of text is exceed-
ingly interesting. Fine portraits of Armand de Quatrefages,
and Ferdinand Denis are given. Contents : — Preface,\>y Désiré
Pector, General-Secretary. Reports of Meetings, Receptions,
etc., Quelques observations sur l'origine du mot AMERICA, by
E. T. Hamy. Mr. Hamy is of my opinion (Humming Bird,
1892, pp. 118-119) that the name AMERICA, is derived from
Americo or Amerigo, Vespuci. Amerriques, Amerigho Ves-
pucci, Amérique, by Jules Marcou. Mr. Marcou opines that
the name AMERICA is derived from the Sierra AMERRIQUE,
Chontales, Nicaragua. Sur le nom AMERRISQUE, by Désiré
Pector. He is of the same opinion as M. Hamy and myself.
El nombre de AMERICA, by Julio Calcafio. He is also of
the same opinion as ourselves about the origin of that name ;
but he says that Americo Vespuci is innocent of it. It was
done after his death, and its origin can be traced in La
COSMOGRAFIA, published in Lerona in 1509, by Waldsee-
muller. Premiers Découvreurs de l' Amérique, Sur les
communications préhistoriques entre l'ancien monde et
V Amérique, by Hyde Clarke. The Missing Records of the
Norse Discovery of America, by Mrs. Marie A. Shipley.
Migration des Gaels en Amérique au moyen âge, by E.
Beauvois. Situation géographique des anciennes colonies
Scandinaves, by Prof. Valdemar Schmidt. Découvertes des
Portugais eu Amérique au temps de Cristophe Colomb, by
Paul Gaffarel and Charles Gariod. Observation sur l'histoire
du Bananier eu Amérique, by Dr. A. Ernst. Les dernières
recherches sur l'histoire et les voyages de Christophe Colomb,
by J. Silverio Jorrin. A portrait of Christopher Colomb is
given. Sobre el lugar cierto eu que repozan lar cenizas de
C. Colon, by Francisco Henriquez y Carvajal. On so?ne points
on the early Cartography of North A?nerica, by John B.
Shipley. Sur quelques documents peu connus relatifs à la
découverte de l' Amérique, by Gabriel Marcel. Sur la
question de la pluralité et de la parenté des Races en
Amérique, by H. ten Kate. Les premiers Américains, by
Marquis de Nadaillac. Origine asiatique des Esquimaux,
by l'abbé Emile Petitot. La déformation artificielle du
The Humming Bird. 21
crane chez les tribus indiennes du Nord Ouest des Etats
Unis et de la Colombie britannique, by Dr. Fernand Delisle.
Woodcuts of deformed skulls are given.
Les Clif-Dwellers de la Sierra Madre, by Dr. Hamy. —
Anomalies et Mutilations dentaires des Tarasqucs, by Dr.
N. Léon. Déformations dentaires artificielles chez les
Indiens de l'isthme de Panama, by A. L. Pinart. Collection
de Portraits d'Indigènes du Brésil, by Dr. P. Ehrenreich.
L homme fossile du Rio Samborombon, by Dr. J. Vilanova.
Anthropologie fuégienne, by Dr. Deniker. Sa.cred hunts of
the American Iudia?is, by John G. Bourke. Mémoire sur
les analogies qu' ou peut signaler entre les civilisations de
V Amérique du Nord, de l' Amérique centrale et les civilisa-
tions de I Asie, by Désiré Charnav. UlTZILOPOCHTLI, Dieu
de la Guerre des Astèques, by Dr. Ed. Seler. Woodcuts of
several gods are given. L orfèvrerie des anciens Mexicains
et leur art de travailler la pierre et de faire des ornements
en plumes, by Dr. Edward Seler. Two very interesting
coloured plates representing Indians working, and feathered
ornaments are given. Sur le Quetzal (APANECAIOTL) ou
coiffure Mexicaine en plumes, conservée à Vienne, by Mrs.
Zelia Nuttall. Ouvrages eu plumes du Mexique, by Mrs.
Zelia Nuttall. Mélodies populaires des Indiens du Guate-
mala, by Raymond Pilet. Several pieces of music are given.
Note sur les limites des civilisations de Vithsme américain,
by A. L. Pinart. Aperçu sur Vile d' 'Aruba, ses habitants,
ses antiquités, et ses pêtroglyphes, by the same Author.
Monographie des Caraïbes, by R. de Semallé. Les Fuêgiens
â la fin du xvii. siècle, by G. Marcel. On some daims of
the American Indians, by S. B. Evans. Du Développement
d'empreintes de produits textiles, sur les poteries russes, et
de leur conformité avce les produits similaires de l' Amérique
du Nord, by Pri?ice P. A. Poutjatine. Essai de classification
chronologique des Monuments de l'Amérique précolombienne,
by Marcel Daly. Archéologie mexicaine, by Dr. A. Penafiel.
Sur les peintures à fresque des anciens palais de Mitla
(S. Mexico), by Dr. Ed. Seler. One coloured plate is given.
Etudes archéologiques sur le Salvador précolombien, by
Capt. de Montessus. Pêtroglyphes de l'isthme américain de
V Amérique centrale, des grandes et petites Antilles, by
A. L. Pinart. Ruines de Tiahuanaco, bv Th. Ber. Rapports
négatifs des langues américaines et polynésiennes, by Prof.
G. Cora. Les noms des métaux chez différents peuples de la
Nouvelle Espagne, by Count de Charencey. Terminaison du
22 The Humming Bird.
pluriel dans les langues. MexicanO-Opata, by Dr. V. Reyes.
Notice sur Les langues Zapotègue et mixtèque, by Dr. Ed. Seler: —
CHONTALES and POPOLUCAS. A contribution to Mexican
Ethnography, by Prof. D. G. Brinton. Several vocabularies
are given. Considérations sur quelques noms indigènes de
localités de l'isthme centre-américain, by Désiré Pector.
Sur le mot, ANAUAC, by Dr. Ed. Seler. De P infxation
dans la langue MOSOUITO, bv L. Adam. Vocabulario de la
lengua, AtanÇjUES, by Dr. Rafael Celedon. Langue,
OYAMPI, by L. Adam. Langue roucouyenne, by L. Adam.
Linguistique GUARANI, by Dr. C. F. Seybold. Esquisse dune
grammaire et d'un vocabulaire BANIVA, by R. de la
Grasserie. Vocabulaire des Euégiens, à la fin du XVIII.
SIÈCLE, Extrait du Mémoire de Mr. G. Marcel. Collec-
tion BOTURINI-AUBIN-GOUPIL, de manusirits figiu atifs
mexicains, by Auguste Genin. Le Codex Troano et le Codex
Cortesianus, by J. de la Rada y Delgado, Les Codices et les
Calejidriers du Mexique et de l' Amérique centrale, by Georges
Raynaud. On the Codex Poinsett, by H. Phillips, jun. La
Période paléolithique dans V Amérique du JVovd, by Dr.
Th. Wilson. Many woodcuts are given. This is a very im-
portant work, as can be seen by its contents, and I con-
gratulate heartilv my friend Mr. Désiré Pector, the General
Secretary, for the great care and trouble which he has had
in editing this splendid Volume.
1892. — BOLETIM DA SOCIEDADE DE GEOGRAPHIA DE
LiSBOA. lia, Série No. 1 — 12. Contents of No. 1, List of
Members ; No. 2, Descobertas e descobridores. DiEGO CAO,
by Luciano Cordeiro ; No. 3, DiEGO D'AzAMBUJA, by Luciano
Cordeiro ; No. 4, VASCO DA Gama, by the same author; No.
5, Participacao portu^ueza na celabracho hespanhola da cen-
tenario da chamada descoberta par Columba : — Escolha do
horisonte fundamental para as altitudes da Europa, by Count
d'Avila ; No. 6 — 8, Expedicâo portugueza a M. Pesé ne, 188 ç;
relatorio de Carlos Wiese, Continued : — No. 9, Etude sur un
poisson des grandes profondeurs du genre, HiMANTOLOPHUS,
dragué sur les côtes du Portugal, by A. A. Girard. Descrip-
tion d'une ECHENEIS nouveau des côtes du Portugal, by the
same author. ECHENEIS PEDICULUS, is the name proposed
for it. Black plates of HiMANTOLOPHUS GROENLANDICUS,
and ECHENEIS PEDICULUS are given. Duas via gens de
Almigi de Giovani, veneziano, a Calecut nos annos de 152c a
1532, traducidas do livro, ViAGGl FATTI DA ViNEGiA Alla
Tana in Persia, in India et in Constantinopoli, by
The Humming Bird. 23
Antonio Pereira de Paiva e Pona. Geographia mcdica (0
clima de Tanger, no tratamento da tisica pulmonar by the
same author. No. 10, a cir cumnavegacao do Africa offer ecida
a Sociedade de Geographia, by A. E. de Cavalheiro e Sousa.
O Jau, Confer encia na Sociedad de Geographia de Lisboa,
by Padre Wieder. O. coronel Borges. No. 11. — Documen-
tos de Macau copia da correspondencia relativo a missâo, do
Conseikhero Adriao Accacio, by Silveira Pinto, Encargado de
negocio com o Vice Roi Ki-ing em 1843. Adas de i8ç2.
No. 12, Espedicao ao Humbe, Bibliographia. Catalogo das
publicaoes feitas pela Sociedade de Geographia de Lisboa.
Aulas de 1892. 12a, Série No. 1. — Portuguezes fora de
Portugal, Berengella e Leonor rainhas da Dinamarca, by
Luciano Cordeiro. Berengaria et Leonora, note historique,
de Mr. C. Brunn.
1893, No. 2. — Album da gruta de Camoes, copia enviada
à Sociedade de Geographia de Lisboa pelo Governor de
Macau. Um Costume dos habitantes do Pegu, by Sousa
Viterbo. De Dubran a Beira, by Carlos T. Alford. Expedicao
ao Hu?nbe, by Capt. Joaquim, Maria Luna de Carvallio. Biblio-
graphia. Nos. 3 — 4, Mitras lusitanas no Oriente, by Casimiro
C. de Nazareth. Nos. 5 — 6. America austral. Cartas escriptas
da America nos annos de 1822, a 188 j, by A. Lopez Mendez.
First Part, Bibliographia. Adas de i8çj.
1893. — Sociedade de Geographia de Lisboa, In-
dices e Catalogos, A Bibliotheca.
1892 — 93. Memorias y Revista delà Sociedad Cientifica
Antonio Alzate, Tome VII. Mexico. Numéros 5 — 12. In
number 5, there is a very interesting account of Les Ruines
Zapothèques du Cerro de Quiengola, near Tehuantepec
(Oaxaca) by A. Estrada. A good plan of the ruins accom-
panies the relation. In numbers 9 — 12, Moyens de defense
chez l es animaux, by A. L. Herrera.
1893 — 94. — In Numbers 1 — 4, E homme préhistorique au
Mexique, by A. L. Herrera, a very interesting memoir.
1893, October 21st. — Revista mensual de la Sociedad
GUATEMALTECA DE CiENCiAS, Guatemala. This is a new
Journal, to which I wish a long life. Three numbers have
been issued. The first is dated October 31st. In Parts
2 and 3, there is a very good memoir entitled : — Apunta-
mientos sobre los estudios de Biologia de Guatemala,
e importancia de estos estudios, by Juan José Rodriguez,
the well-known Naturalist. He gives a detailed account
24 The Humming Bird.
of all the Naturalists who have explored Guatemala
from 1796, up to date. He also mentions many of the works
published on the fauna and flora from Guatemala, and lastly
he hopes that the Government will soon décrète the formation
of a Museum of Natural History in the Capital. I add my
wishes to that of my old friend, and I hope to hear soon that
it is done.
1893.— The Entomologists' Monthly Magazine,
edited by M. M. Barrett, Champion Douglas, Fowler, Mc
Lacklan, Saunders, and Lord Walsingham Second Series,
Vol. IV., London, in twelve parts. This Volume contains
292 pages of text, several black plates, and two very good
portraits of STAINTON and WESTWOOD. This excellent
Magazine contains a very large number of contributions,
chiefly on British and European Insects. Page 37, PiMPLA
EPEIR/E, is proposed by Mr. Bignel for a new species of
that genus, found in the egg-bag of a spider; EPEIRA CORNUTA,
at Ivybridge, South Devon. Pages 39-41, ASPIDIOTUS PALMAE,
and DlASPlS TENTACULATUS, are proposed by M. M. Cockerel!
and Morgan for two new species of West Indian Coccidae,
Pages 61-63. — NlPHE AETHIOPICA, PEROMATUS
bolivianus, Phthia cantharidina, Zelus filicauda and
RHAPHIDOZOMA ATKINSONI, are the names proposed by Mr.
E. Bergroth for five new species of RHYNCHOTA from West
Africa, Bolivia, Ecuador, and India.
Page 83. — -Rhyzophagus NOBILIS, and ANCISTRIA
REITTERI, are proposed by Mr. Lewis for two new species of
Japanese Coleoptera.
Page 105-106. — Aleurodicus ornatus, is proposed
by Mr. Cockerell for a third species of ALEURODICUS, from
Jamaica.
Page 151. — The name LYGAEOSCYTARIA is proposed
by Mr. Reuter for a new division allied to LYGAEIDAE and
CAPSIDAE. He names this curious Cupid, from Tasmania,
LYGAEOSCYTUS CIMICOIDES, new genus, and new species.
Page 152. — XlPHOCERA ENSICORNIS, is proposed by H.
de Saussure, for a new species of Orthoptera, from Trans-
vaal.
Pages 153-155, the name of PSEUDINGLISIA, is proposed
for a new genus of COCCIDAE, born in England, on plants
freshly imported from Trinidad. He calls the species,
PSEUDINGLISIA RODRIGUEZIAE.
The Humming Bird. 25
Page 155 — 58, MYTILASPIS ALBUS and PlNNASPIS BAM-
BUSAE, are the names proposed by Mr. Cockerell, for two new
species from West Indies.
Page 182, ANAXITA DRUCEI, is the name proposed by
Juan Rodriguez, for a new species of that genus, from
Guatemala.
LOCRIS CONCINNA, is proposed by Mr. Distant, for a
new species of Homoptera from South Africa.
Page 183 — 185, NlPONIUS ANDREWESI, PARVULUS, and
TRYPETICUS INDICUS, are the names proposed by Mr. Lewis,
for three new species of Histeridae, from Kanara, India.
Pages 185 — 88, Aspidiotus COCOTIS, AFFINIS, and
DlASPiS OPUNTIAE are the names proposed by Mr. Newstead,
for three new species of Coccidae from Demerara.
Page 204, HERCYNELLA, is the name proposed by Mr.
Bethune Baker, for a new genus allied to HERCYNA. H.
STAUNDINGERI and MARGELANA from Shah Kuh Mountains,
Persia, are described as new.
Pages 205, LECANOPSIS FORMICARUM, is the name pro-
posed by Mr. Newstead, for a new species of Coccidae from
Chesil Beach.
Page 252, PROSTEMMIDEA is proposed by Mr. Reuter
for a new genus of Lygaeidae, from Bombay. P. MIMICA is
the type of this new genus.
Pages 253 — 55, TRACHYSCELIS CILIARIS, LAEVIS, and
PALLENS, are proposed by Mr. Champion, for three new
species of this genus, from Australia and Ceylon.
Page 274, Platydema asymmetricum is the name
proposed by Mr. Champion for a new species of PLATYDEMA,
from Damma Island, near Timor.
Page 275, PSEUDOMOLPUS is proposed by Mr. Jacoby
for a new genus of Phytophagous Coleoptera from Gaboon.
P. dimidiatus , n.sp., is the type of this genus.
Page 277 — 78, the name of HALOVELIA is proposed by
Mr. Bergroth for a new genus of Hemiptera from Cartier
Island, Timor, and N.W. Australia. H. MARITIMA, n.sp., is
the type of this genus. ACANTHIA SALINA is proposed by the
same author for a new species of that genus from N.W.
Australia.
3
26 The Humming Bird.
1893. — ORNITHOLOGISCHE MONATSBERICHTE, edited by
Dr. Ant. Reichenow, Berlin. A new and interesting Journal,
containing many interesting memoirs by well-known writers.
Page II — 12, POECILOTHRAUPIS MELANOPS, CHLOROS-
PINGUS VENEZUELANUS, GRALLARIA EXCELSA, CONIROSTRUM
INTERMEDIUM, EMPIDAGRA BAHIAE, and SERPOPHAGA,
MUNDA, are the names proposed by Mr. Berlepsch, for five
new species of birds from South America. Leucotreron
meridionalis is proposed by M. M. Meyer and Wigles worth,
for a new species from Macassar.
Page 28, Xenocickla damans, is proposed by Mr. Sjôstedt,
for a new species of that genus.
Pages 29 — 32, Symplectes stuhlmanni, Ploceus in-
terscapulars, RUFONIGER, PACHYRHYNCHUS, MALIMBUS
centralis, Turacus emini, Tricholaema FLAVIBUCCALE,
DENDROPICUS POECILOLAEMUS, Caprimulgus NIGRISCAPU-
laris, STILBOPSAR, n.g. Type, S. stuhlmanni, Tserpsi-
PHONE EMINI, PARUS FASCiiVENTER, Cinnyris regia, Cama-
roptera axillaris, RECTIROSTRUM, n.g. Type, R.
HYPOCHONDRICUM, are the names proposed by Dr. Reichenow,
for two new genera and fifteen new species, discovered in
Central Africa, by the late celebrated Emin Pacha, and Mr.
Stuchlmann.
Page 41, COLUMBA PALLIDA, is proposed by M. M. Von
Rotschild and E. Hartert, for a new species.
Pages 42 — 44, PODICA CAMERUNENSIS, TROCHOCERCUS
ALBIVENTRIS, SYMPLETES CASTANICAPILLUS, and ALSEONAX
OBSCURA, are proposed by Mr. Sjôstedt, for four new species
from Cameroons.
Pages 60 — 62, TELEPHONUS EMINI, ClNNYRIS PUR-
PUREIVENTRIS, MELOCICHLA ATRICAUDA, ClSTICOLA NUCHA-
LIS, and GLAUCIDIUM CASTANEUM, are proposed by Dr.
Reichenow, for five new species collected in Central Africa,.
by M. M. Emin and Stuhlmann.
Page 65, GLAUCIDIUM SJoSTEDTI, is proposed by Dr.
Reichenow, for a new species from Cameroons. GOURA
HUONENSIS, is proposed by Mr. Meyer for a new species from
North New Guinea.
Page 84, CENTROPUS FLECKI, is proposed by Dr.
Reichenow, for a new species from Damaraland. ClSTICOLA
DISCOLOR, is proposed by Mr. Sjôstedt for a new species
from Cameroons.
The Humming Bird. 27
Page 138, DEUDROPICUS REICHENOWI, is proposed by
Mr. Sjôstedt, fora new species from Cameroons.
Page 177, TURDINUS RUFIVENTRIS, BURNESIA TAENI-
OLATA, DENDROPICUS LACUUM, and Glaucidium KILIMENSE,
are proposed by Dr. Reichenow, for four new species from
Cameroons, Karevia and Kilimandjaro.
Page 205, Malimbus erythrogaster, is proposed by
D. Reichenow, for a new species from Cameroons.
1893. — The Canadian Entomologist, edited by Rev-
C. J. S. Bethune, Ontario. Many new species of Insects are
described in this Volume.
1893. — Twenty - third Annual Report of the
Entomological Society of Ontario. Many woodcuts
of injurious Insects are given. The songs of our grasshoppers
and crickets, by S. H. Scudder, is well worth reading.
Musical notes of several species are given.
1893. — Appendix to the Report of the Minister
of Agriculture on Experimental Farms, Ottawa. One
Volume with 289 pages of text and woodcuts.
1893. — Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. Bulletin
No. 19. Grasses, their uses and composition ) by James
Fletcher.
1892. — Bulletin of the United States National
MUSEUM, No. 40. Bibliographies of American Naturalists.
IV. — The published writings of George Newbold Lawrence,
1844-1891 , by L. S. Foster, with a fine portrait of Lawrence.
One hundred and twenty-one memoirs of this celebrated
Ornithologist are mentioned. In these, 323 new species of
birds are described. Names and habitats are given for each
species.
1893. — The Prairie Ground Squirrels, or Sperm-
OPHILES OF THE MISSISSIPPI Valley, by Vernon Bailey,
Washington. Sixty-seven pages of text, coloured plates of
SPERMOPHILUS TRIDECEMLINEATUS, FRANKLINIand RICHARD-
SONI are given A very interesting memoir on these Mammals,
mentioning their natural enemies, the methods of destroying
them, and a full account of the three species figured.
1893.— NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA, No. 7; The
Death Valley Expedition, a biological survey of parts of
California, Nevada, Arizona, and Utah. Part II. — Wash---
ington. This important volume of 393 pages contains : —
28 The Humming Bird.
Report on Birds, by A. K. Fisher.
Report on Reptiles and Batrachians, by Leonhard
Steineger.
Report on Fishes, by Charles H. Gilbert.
Report on Insects, by C. V. Ryley.
Report on Mollusks, by E. C. Stearns.
Report on Desert Trees and Shrubs, by C. Hart Merriam.
Report on Desert Cactuses and Yuccas, by C. Hart
Marriam.
List of Localities, by T. S. Palmer. Fourteen black
plates and five maps are given. SCELOPORUS CLARKii,
MAGISTER, ZOSTEROMUS, ORCUTTI, BOULENGERI, and FLORI-
DANA, are figured on plate i. PHRYNOSOMA CORNUTUM,
BLAINVILLEI, GOODEI, and PLATYRHINOS, on plate ii. XANTUSIA
VIGILIS, Salvadora HEXALEPIS, Bufo HALOPHILUS, NELSONI,
and Rana FISHERI, sp. nov., on plate iii. SAUROMALUS ATER
on plate iv. EMPETRICHTHYS MERRIAMI, gen. et sp. nov.,
on plate 5. RHINICHTHYS NEVADENSIS, sp. nov., and VELIFER,
sp. nov., on plate vi. OPUNTIA ACANTHOCARPA, WHIPPLEI,
PARRYI, and RUTILA, on plates vii. to xi. YUCCA BACCATA,
ARBORESCENS, and MACROCARPA, on plates xii. to xiv. Amni-
COLA, MICROCOCCUS, and FLUMINICOLA MERRIAMI, are
figured in text, pages 277 and 282. The fine maps illustrate: —
The General Route-Map of the Expedition, Lower Division
of the Lower Sonoran Zone, Distribution of Leconte thrasker
(HARPORHYNCHUS LECONTEl), Distribution of the Creosote
Bush (LARREA TRIDENTATA) and Distribution of the Tree
Yucca (YUCCA ARBORESCENS). Derivations, names, and
localities, are given for 137 species of Birds and 56 species of
Reptiles, 13 species of Fishes. A list of about 800 species
of Insects is given, many new species are pointed out ; two
new genera and 18 species of DlPTERA are described, also one
new genus, and 10 new species of Hemiptera Heteroptera,
and two new species of ORTHOPTERA. 47 species of MOL-
LUSKS are pointed out, among which, one new species, Amni-
COLA MICROCOCCUS. A list of 144 species of trees and
shrubs, is given, and lastly 23 species of CACTUSES, YUCCAS
and Agave.
1892. — Anales del Instituto fisico-geografico y
DEL MUSEO NACIONAL DE COSTA Rica, Tome III., San José,
Costa-Rica. Contents : — Observaciones meterologicas, Viaje
de Exploracion al Rio Grande de Terraba, by H. Pittier,
with map. La Parte Sur Este de la Republica de Costa-Rica,
The Humming Bird. 29
by Dr. A. von Frantzins. Apuntamientos para la historia
natural de Costa-Rica, by H. Pittier. Crustaceos, Insectos,
Y MOLLUSCAS. Resultados de las observaciones meteorologicas
practicadas en el ano de 18 go, by H. Pittier. Descripcion
de una especie nueva de " GALLINA de MONTE," by José C.
Zeledon. ARAMIDES PLUMBEICOLLIS is the name proposed.
Descripcion de très especies nuevas para la fauna costari-
cense, by G. K. Cherrie. RAMPHOCELUS COSTARICENSIS,
Myrmocciza occidentalis, and Grallaria lizanoi, are
the names proposed. Antiquedades de Costa Rica, by Dr.
H. Polakowsky. A fine photograph illustrating eleven rare
antiquities is given. Ave s colectadas en Costa Rica, by
Adolfo Boucard. It is a traduction of my paper published in
the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, January,
1878, made by Anastasio Alfaro. Resena de las principales
Aves, que habitan la parte superior del Volcan de PoÀS, by
Anastasio Alfaro. Investigaciones sobre el azucar del AGAVE
AMERICANA, by Gustavo Michaud y José Fidel Tristan.
1891. — Memoria de la Secretaria de Gobernacion
Policia Y Fomento, San José, Costa Rica.
1892. — Die Vogel der Insel Curacao, by Hans von
Berlepsch. In this memoir Mr. Berlepsch mentions all the
works published anteriorly, on the birds of Bonaire, Curacao
and Aruba, and gives a list of all the species recorded from
these Islands. On page 91, TiNNUNCULUS BREVIPENNIS is
proposed fora new species from Curacao.
1891. — Katalog der Vogelsamlung, im Museum der
Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft
in Frankfurt Am Main, by Ernst Hartert, Frankfurt. 259
pages of text. This is a complete list of the species of birds,
in the collection of the Museum of Francfort. 3,612 species
are enumerated.
1892. — Catalogue of a Collection of British
Birds formed by the late Mr. John Henry Gurney and
HIS Son, by the latter, with the localities, sex, and state* of
plumage, London.
1891. — A LIST OF MOLLUSCA AND OTHER FORMS OF
Marine life, collected in the years 188c — 1890, in JAPAN,
by Frederick Stearns. Detroit. One black plate is given.
1891. — Viaggio di Leonardo Fea, in Birmania e
REGIONI VICINE : — ODONATËS, by Edm de Selys Long-
champs, Genova. Many new species are described in this
memoir.
30 The Humming Bird.
1893. — La chasse aux petits oiseaux par le Baron
d'Hamonville. (Revue des Sciences Naturelles appliquées) ,
Paris, Baron d'Hamonville wishes that it should be prohibited
to shoot small birds, to obviate their rapid extinction in the
Department of Meurthe-et-Moselle.
1893. — Rapport sur une Mission exécutée dans
la Mer Rouge et le golfe d'Aden, by Doctor
Jousseaume, Paris.
1893-94.— The English Illustrated Magazine, Lon-
don, Illustrated London News Office. In No. 121, October 1893,
there is an interesting memoir entitled: — A Naturalist in a
Swiss Forest, by C. Parkinson, with very good illustrations,
by George E. Lodge. In Number 124, January 1894, The
Zoo REVISITED, A Chat with the Sacred Ibis, by Phil
Robinson, is spirited and very good. In the course of his
chat with the Ibis, Mr. Robinson remarks that different species
of birds are put together in the same cage, and that labels
with the names of the species enclosed, are attached to the
cage, but that it is quite impossible for the Visitor to make
out which is which. That is what I have found myself in
many Zoological Gardens, and it ought to be remedied at once,
by giving illustrations, with names of the species exhibited.
1893. — Science and Art and Technical Education,
edited by John Mills. London: Chapman and Hall. Very
good illustrations are given.
1893. — The International Christmas Recorder,
in New York Recorder, December 10th.
Contents : — Wealth and Progress of the United States.
A lot of information on Natural Finances, Gold and Silver,
Iron Ore Product, An Economical Process of extracting
gold, A Yatch on Wheels, etc., etc.
1893. — The Antigua Observer, edited by Daniel W.
Scarville, El Porvenir, edited by Antonio Araryo, Cartha-
gena, Columbia, etc., etc., etc.
SOCIEDADE DE GEOGRAPHIA DE
LISBOA.
In the Session held on the 10th April, 1893, our Chief
Editor, Mr. Adolphe Boucard has been elected Corresponding
Member of the Geographical Society of Lisboa, Portugal.
The Humming Bird. 31
THE FLYING MAN.
By the Editor.
|||jf| GERMAN, Mr. Otto Lilienthal, a practical worker,
SÊÈk has successfully invented an apparel, not exactly
adequate for flying about, but quite good enough to precipi-
tate himself into space from an elevated spot or eminence.
During three years Mr. Lilienthal has been studying the
mechanism of wings in birds, and the result was the con-
struction of an apparel consisting chiefly of two gigantic
wings, about sixteen yards square, when opened. These
wings, weighing forty-two pounds, are fixed on a skeleton
frame made with osier, in the centre of which the experimen-
tator sits. From his seat he can easily modify the inclination
of the wings, and direct two rudders, fixed at the back of the
apparel.
With the exception of the hands, which lay on a
transversal bar, the rest of the body is entirely free in its
movements, and by sloping it more or less to the right or to
the left, modifies the position of the centre of gravity of the
apparel.
After numerous experiments, resulting in acquiring the
perfect manipulation of the wings and rudders, Mr. Lilienthal
made up his mind to experiment his flying machine. He
first took his flight from a tower, twelve feet high, which he
purposely built for that purpose. He was so successful that
his next attempt was made from a hill, about three hundred
feet high. He landed at a distance of nine hundred feet
from the hill, leisurely and without the least difficulty.
During the aerial voyage, he worked the wings so, as to
accelerate or delay the descent at will. He succeeded
also to fly against the wind. Therefore we can say with
certainty that the first step for the manufacturing of flying
machines is an accomplished fact, and before long, man will
have conquered AlR at last.
Mr. Lilienthal himself confesses that much remains to be
done to make his apparel perfect ; but with the elements
worked upon by him, it will not take long now, to construct a
perfect machine, which will enable Man to explore that
domain. I congratulate, heartily, Mr. Lilienthal for his im-
portant discovery, to which his name will remain permanently
associated, as the first practical discoverer of this most
interesting and scientific problem.
32 The Humming Bird.
To Mr. Lilienthal, and to others who will follow him, I
will suggest this : — If you want to solve satisfactorily and
quickly, the problem of travelling into space with a flying
machine, follow the path so well laid out by Mr. Lilienthal.
Study first NATURE in its aerial inhabitants, viz. : — BIRDS,
either alive or dead. Nature contains everything as perfect
as it can be. The solution of this problem, as that of many
others, is there. Are not all successful inventors after all, only
imitators of the works of Nature. For example, begin by
studying the skins of a Condor or a Golden Eagle. See how
the feathers of wing and tail are disposed on their wings and
tail, measure their length, count their number, weigh the
bodies, then make your calculations, and construct an
apparatus resembling as much as possible in its formation to
the wings and tails of these birds. Then study their flight,
note the strength of their nerves and muscles, so as to
enable you to replace these with a machine of sufficient
power, according to the weight which must be lifted in the
air, and at the same time enabling you to move easily wings
and tail in all directions. Then you will have an apparel
with which the solution of the aerial navigation problem will
probably be solved.
You may also study with advantage other species of
Birds, especially Hawks, Gulls, Crows, Swifts, Swallows, etc.
All of these have long wings, short tails, comparatively light
bodies for the length of their wings, and fly easily and swiftly.
Since ICARE, captive of MlNOS, made some wings to fly
away from the place of his captivity without any other result
than his fall in the Algean Sea, many are the attempts which
have been made to construct a flying apparatus, but not one
was adequate. The most important one, was made by the French-
man, PlLATRE DE RoziER, but he was not more successful
than his predecessors. But now we can hope that before the
end of this century, such a machine will exist, and will produce
a revolution in the ways of travelling, at least for the
audacious ; because I do not see how it could ever be so
vulgarised as to make it handy for the public at large.
LIST OF PARROTS and PITTAS FOR SALE at 225, High Holborn,
London, W.G.
PSITTACI.
Nestor notabilis, Gould
meridionalis, Gmel.
Chalcopsittacus ater, Scop.
duyvenbodei, Dub.
scintillatus, Tem.
occidentalis, Salv.
Eos reticulata, Mull.
cardinalis, Homb.
rubra, Edw.
wallacei, Finsch.
riciniata, Bechst.
fuscata, and Var. Bl.
Lorius hypoenochrous, G.R.
lory, L. . .
erythrothorax, Salv.
jobiensis, Salv.
domicella, L.
garrulus, L.
Vini australis, Gmel.
Trichoglossus cyanogrammus, Wagl.
massena, Bp.
novoe hollandiae Gm.
rubritorques, Vig.
ornatus, L.
Psittenteles flavoviridis, or n.sp.
meyeri, Schl.
euteles, Tem. . .
chlorolepidotus, Ku.
Ptilosclera versicolor, Vig.
i Glossopsittacus conciunus, Shaw
porphyreocephalus, Diet.
pusillus, Shaw.
Hypocharmosyna placens, T.
a aureocincta, Lay. . .
Charmosynopsis pulchella, G.R.
Charmosyna papuensis, Gm.
stellae, Mey.
Neopsittacus muschenbroeki, Ros
iris, T. . .
Cyclopsittacus desmaresti, Garn.
coxeni, Gould
diopthalmus, H. and T.
suavissimus, Sclat.
Microglossias aterrimus, Gm; .
Calyptorhynchus xanthonotus, G
banksi, Lath.
Callocephalon galeatum, Lath.
Cacatua galerita, Lath.
triton, Tem.
. leadbeateri, Vig.
roseicapilla, Vieil. ..
Licmetis nasica, Tem.
Calopsittacus novoe hollandiae, C
Ara macao, L.
chloroptera, G.R. . .
militaris, L.
severa, L. . .
macavuanna, Gmel.
3o
20
12
100
12
25
20
60
12
30
i5
12
20
16
16
20
12
16
20
10
10
4
30
5
30
4
20
3
12
3
10
20
20
12
16
20
50
6
10
6
20
20
30
30
10
12
20
12
12
16
10
20
30
24
20
20
Psittaci — Continued.
58 Ara nobilis, L.
5g hahni, Souancé
60 Rynchopsittacus pachyrhynchus,
61 Conurus lencophthalmus, Mul
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71 ocularis, Sclat. and Salv.
7*
73
nenday, Desm.
— solstitialis, L.
— jendaya, Gm.
— weddelli, Dev.
— wagleri, G.R.
— chloropterus, Sou. .
— holochlorus, Sclat. .
— astee, Sou.
— aeruginosus, L. - .
— ocularis, Sclat. and
— aureus, Gm.
— canicularis, L.
Sw.
74 Cyanolyseus patagonus, Vieil
75 Gnathosittaca icterotis, M.S.
76 Henicognathus leptorhynchus, K
77 Pyrrhura cruentata, Neu
78 - vittata, Shaw
79 — leucotis, Licht.
80 picta, Mul. . .
81 luciani, Dev.
82 egregia, Sclat.
83 calliptera, Man.
84 souancei, Verr...
85 rhodocephala, S. and Salv
86 — — hoffmauni, Cab.
87 ... chiripepe, Vieil.
88 Myopsittacus monachus, Bodd.
89 Bolborhynchus panychlorus, S. an
90 Psittacula conspicillata, Laf.
91 sclateri, G.R.
92 passerina L.
93 guianensis, Sw.
94 Brotogerys tirica, Gmel.
95
96
97
98
99
100 Chrysotis fârinosa, Bodd.
101 amazonica, L.
102 ochrocephala, Gm.
103 panamensis, Cab.
104 ■ auropalliata, G.R.
to5 — — aestiva, L. . .
106 albifrons, Spar.
107 ventralis, Mull.
108 Pionus menstruus, and Var., L.
109 sordidus, L.
no bridgesi, Boucard .
in senilis, Spix.
112 fuscus, Mull.
113 Deroptyus accipitrinus, L.
114 Triclaria eyanogaster, Vieil.
115 Pionopsittacus pileatus, Scop.
chiriri, Vieil.
■ virescens, Gm.
jugularis, Mull,
chrysopterus, L.
tui, Gmel. . .
20
16
4
20
16
12
20
10
d God. 16
LIST OF PARROTS and PITTAS FOR SALE at 225, High Holborn
London, W.C.
Psittaci — Continued.
116 Pionopsittacus amazoninus, Desm
117 haematotis, S. and Salv
118 coceineicollaris, Lawr.
119 pyrilia, Bp. . .
120 caica, Lath.
121 Urochroma cingulata, Scop.
122 purpurata, Gmel. ..
123 surda, 111.
124 — : — hueti, Tern. . .
125 Caica melanocephala, L. . .
126 xanthomera, G.R. ..
127 Poeocephalus robustus, Gm.
128 gulielmi, Jard.
129 senegalus, L.
130 versteri, Finsch. . .
131 meyeri, Rupp.
132 Psittacus erithacus, L.
133 Coracopsis vasa, Lev.
134 nigra, L. ..
135 comorensis, Pet. . .
136 barklyi, Newt.
137 Dasyptilus pecqueti, Less.
138 Eclectus pectoralis, Mull.
13g cardinalis, Bodd. . .
140 Geoffroyus personatus, Shaw.
141 aruensis, G.R.
142 rhodops, G.R.
143 - cyanicollis, Mull. . .
144 Prioniturus platurus, T. . .
145 flavicans, Cass.
146 discurus, Vieil.
147 Tanygnathus affinis, Wall.
148 * mulleri, T. . .
149 Palaeornis nepalensis, Hodg.
150 torquata, Bodd.
151 -
152 -
153 "
154 "
155 "
156 -
157 -
158 — .... ,„ ,_..,.,.,,
159 Polytelis barrabandi, Sw.
160 alexandrae, Gould..
161 melanura, Vig. . .
162 Ptistes erythropterus, Gm.
163 jonquillaceus, Vieil.
164 Aprosmictus cyanopygius, V.
165 chloropterus, Rams.
166 dorsalis, Quoy.
167 Pyrrhulopsis tabuensis, Gm.
168 personata, G.R.
169 Psittacella brehmi, Ros. . .
170 modesta, Ros.
171 Psittinus incertus, Shaw . .
172 Bolbopsittacus mindanensis, Steere.
173 Agapornis pallaria, L.
174 Loriculus vernalis, Sparm.
docilis, Vieill.
cyanocephala, Briss.
rosa, Bodd. . -
schisticeps, Hodgs.
peristerodes, Finsch.
calthropae, Lay.
fasciata, Mull,
longicauda, Bodd...
s.
30
6
16
30
8
4
6
5
16
10
3°
16
30
10
40
20
10
16
16
20
3°
20
10
30
8
12
10
20
16
6
10
5
6
5
10
12
20
20
5
8
12
12
10
12
30
16
16
16
25
30
30
50
5
20
6
4
Psittaci — Continued.
175 Loriculus exilis, Schl.
176 philippensis, Briss.
177 galgulus, L
178 stigmatus, Mull. . .
179 aurantiifrons, Schl.
180 Platycerus elegans, Gmel.
181 adelaidae, Gould . .
182 flaviventris, T.
183 pallidiceps, Vig.
184 eximius, Shaw.
185 Porphyreocephalus spurius, K.
186 Barnardius barnardi, Lath.
187 semitorquatus, Quoy.
188 Psephotus xanthorhous, Gould
189 multicolor, Brown
190 haematonotus, Gould
191 Neophema pulchella, Shaw
192 venusta, T.
193 elegans, Gould
194 chysogastra, Lath. . .
195 Cyanoramphus novoe-zelandiae,
196 rowleyi, Bull .
197 saisseti, Verr.
198 ~auriceps, Kuhl.
199 malherbei, Sou.
200 Nymphicus cornutus, Gmel.
201 Nanodes discolor, Shaw
202 Melopsittacus undulatus,
203 Pezoporus formosus,Lath.
204 Stringops habroptilus, G.R.
205 greyi, G.R.
Conurus mitratus, T.
Chrysotis salvini, Salv. . .
PITTIDAE.
206 Hydrornis nipalensis, Hodgs.
207 Gigantipitta caerulea, Rafl.
208 Pitta maxima, Mull.
209
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
Sparm.
Shaw
— cyanoptera, T.
— megarhyncha, Schl.
— brachyura, L.
— strepitans, T.
— granatina, T.
— coccinea, Eyt. . . .
— arcuata, Gould (imperfect)
— erythrogastra, Tern.
— celebensis, West
— mackloti, and Var., T.
— atricapilla, Briss. . .
— muelleri, Bp.
— novoe guineae, Mull.
— cucullata, Hartl. ..
— baudi, Mull.
225 Eucickla cyanura, Bodd. . .
226 boschi, Mull.
227 gurneyi, Hume
228 Philepitta jala, Bodd.
This List oanoels all previous ones.
Printed by Pardy & Son, 8, The Triangle, Bournemouth.
Vol. IV. Part III.] SEPTEMBER, 1894.
[Price 2/6.
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Naturaliste Voyageur, Brochure in 8vo., avec
portrait. Paris, 1884 ... ... ... ... 2/-
Visite aux ruines de Xochicalco (Mexique).
Paris. 1887 ... .. ... ... ... 1/-
Catalogue des Objets exposés par la Rè-
puplique de Guatemala et par M. Adolphe
Boucard à l'Exposition universelle de
Paris, 1889 .. ... ... ... .. 1/-
Catalogue des Oiseaux de la Collection
Riocour. Paris, 1889 ... ,. ... 1/-
THE HUMMING BIRD. A Monthly Scien-
tific, Artistic, and Industrial Review.
Vol.1. London, 1891 ... ... ... .. 10/-
Conterts of Vol. I.
Preface — What is to be seen everywhere in London —
The McKinley Bill — The Panama Canal — Notes on the
Genus Pharomacrus — An easy way of making £100 a
a year — Reports on Public Sales of Feathers and Bird
Skins — Rapport sur la Vente publique, de plumes et
d'Oiseaux à Londres, Décembre, 1890 — The Museum
of la Plata, and my idea of a typical' and practical
Museum of Natural History — Reports on Public Sales
of Postage Stamps — Notes on rare species of Humming
Birds, and Descriptions of several supposed new species
— Second International Ornithological Congress —
Answers to Correspondents — Description of a supposed
new species of Parrot in Boucard's Museum — Notes on
the Crowned Superb Warbler (Malurus coronatus (Gould)
— A Visit to the Gardens of Zoological Society of Lon-
don — British Museum (Zoological Department) — Royal
Aquarium — Books and Journals received — Obituary —
Description of a supposed new species of Paradise bird
in Boucard's Museum — The Pilgrim Locust — Descrip-
tion of a supposed new species of Tanager — Notes on '
the grea/t Bower Bird {Chlamydodera nuchalis, Jard) —
Collections made in Thibet and Central Asia — A Visit to
the British Museum (Natural History Department) —
The Plantain or Banana Plant — Inauguration of the
statue of Pie-"** Belon, the Naturalist — A Giant
Land Crab — Review of new Scientific Books— Report-
on the Public Sale of the celebrated Collection of Shells,
formed by the late Sir David Barclay, and sold at
Steven's on Monday, the 6th of July, and following days
— Recommendations for the prevention of damage by
some common Insects of the Farm, the Orchard, and
the Garden — La Vie champêtre. La Destruction de la
Larve du Hanneton (Melolontha vulgaris) — Crocodile, -
Snake, and Fish skins for industrial purposes — World's
Columbian Exposition, Bâtiment de l'Administation.
The same, Vol. II. London, 1892 ... ... 10/-
Contents of Vol. II.
Description of a supposed new Species of Humming Birds,
in Boucard's . Museum — The World's Fair, Inter-
national Exposition of Chicago — Review of New
Scientific Books— Notes on the Rare Pheasant,
Rheinardius ocellatus — Books received — Celebrated
Gallery of Old Masters, of the late General Marquess
de Garbarino — Customs Tariff of Great Britain and
Ireland — Obituary — Biographical Notes on Henry
Walter Bates, F.R.S., etc. (with portrait) — American .
Pearls — Fish from Volcanoes — A very large Tree — A
Curious Rat Catcher — List of Birds collected, by Mr. j
Hardy at Porto-Real, Brazil, with description of one
supposed New Species — Description of a supposed New;
Species of the genus Manticora, " Cicindelidae," from ■
Damara Land, South Africa — Description d'une espèce
nouvelle de Diptère parasite de Costa Rica, Ornithom-
yia geniculata — The Completion of the Panama Canal \
— A complete list, up to date, of the Humming Birds
found in Columbia, with descriptions of several supposed .
New Species — Christopher Columbus — Festivities and
Exhibitions, held in honour of Christopher Columbus in I
America, Spain, Italy and France — America — Le Canal ■;
de Panama — International Exhibition in Monaco — A.J
new Emission of Postage Stamps.
REVIEW OF NEW PUBLICATIONS, comprising:—
Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithso- 1
nian Institution, 1890-1891 — Catalogue of Birds in the I
British Museum, Vol. XX., 1891, Vol. XVI., 1892, j
Vol. XXII., 1892— Zoological Record, Vol. XXVIII.,
1892 — Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, j
1892 — The Ibis, Vol. IV., Sixth Series, 1892 — Mémoires
de la Société Zoologique de France, Vol. V., 1892 — j
Memorias y Revista de la Sociedad cientifica, Antonio 1
Alzate, 1892 — Actes de la Société scientifique du Chili, j
Vol. I., 1892 — The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, j
1892, etc.
OBITUARY:—
August von Pelzen — Dom Pedro d'Alcantara — M.
Alphand — Monseigneur Freppel — Armand de Quatre- .!
fages de Breau — Duke of Clarence— Henry Walter j
Bates— Etienne Arago — Hermann Charles Burmeister j
— Carl August Dohrn — -Marshal da Fonseca — Ernest 1
Renan — Alfred Tennyson — Xavier Marmier.
GENERA OF HUMMING BIRDS, by A. Boucard, ;
pages 1 to 56.
Sauvetage du Panama, 4éme edition, Brochure
in 8vo., 32 pages. Tours, 1892.. .. 6d. fl
Catalogue des Collections d'historié
naturelle récoltées au Mexique par M.
Adolphe Boucard ... ... .. .. !/-■
Catalogue de Mammifères, Oiseaux Reptiles,
Poissons et Coquilles de la Californie,
Louisiane, Mexique et Uruguay ... ... i/-H
Catalogue de Carabiques et Colcoptères
divers, 1477 espèces ... .. .. ... I l-M
Catalogue d'Hétekomères et de Curculio
nides, 2242 espèces ... .. .. .. 1 h \
Catalogue d'Oiseaux, Reptiles et Poissons,
1157 espèces */*■
Liste de Coléoptères exotiques, 2636 espèces 1/6
Liste des Coléoptères en> vente chez M.
Adolphe Boucard, 79^6 espèces ... ... 4J-^Ê
Liste des Oiseaux en vente chez M. Adolphe
Boucard, 4584 espèces ... .. .. 4/-™
La série complète des huit Catalogues et Listes ... w/-jB
Mît Humming
VISITS TO THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY'S GARDENS,
LONDON.
II. — The Insect House in Summer.
KSKjLTHOUGH, as I demonstrated in my article on the
HifSI^ Insect House, which appeared in the Humming;
Bird, that building can be of great interest even in the
winter, still, midsummer is the time to see it in its full
glory, when insects from all parts of the world, and in all
possible stages of existence, are on view in the various cases
with which the house is full. Following the plan adopted in
my former article, of turning figuratively speaking, to the left
after passing through the doorway, the case of cocoons of
(Actias selenœ) , the Indian Moon-moth, is found to be still in
the same place, but now, besides the cocoons, there are several
fine specimens of the perfect insect, a truly superb moth,
which must be seen in order to be properly admired. There
were also, at the time of my visit, several clusters of eggs laid
by these moths, which will breed somewhat freely in this
country, although the larvae require very careful rearing.
They are interesting on account of the changes of colour
which they undergo as they shed their skins. On being
hatched they are black, with two or three red bands around
the body, when this skin is shed, the colour is changed to
crimson, with two rows of black tubercles along the back,
each tubercle bearing several white hairs. In the third stage,
they are a beautiful pale green, the tubercles on the first two
or three segments being orange-coloured, and the remainder
red. Each tubercle bears one or two black hairs with white
tips, as well as several shorter black bristles, none of the
hairs being clubbed at the tips, as is the case with those of
Antherea Pernyi (Perny's Silk-moth), and many other
species of the family Saturnidae. These interesting larvae
feed on the Walnut Tree in this country. The eggs usually
hatch about the end of June.
The second case contained more cocoons and imagines
of the same species. Next to it was one containing cocoons
and perfect insects of the Great Atlas Moth (Attacus atlas) ,
also from India, one of the largest moths in the world. By
34 The Humming Bird.
the side of these were cocoons of the Ailanthus Silk-moth
(Attacus cynthia) , and a number of very fine living
imagines. This, which is another Asiatic species, is very
easily reared in England, feeding on the Lilac as well as on
the Ailanthus Tree! Unfortunately, they degenerate gradually
both in size and strength in this country after two or three
generations have been reared. The only way to prevent this
is to import a number of fresh cocoons from Japan every year,
to interbreed with the English-bred moths. A closely allied
species, which, however, is not so frequently seen in this
country, is the Eria Silk-moth (Attacus ricini) , the larvae of
which, as the specific name denotes, feed on the Castor Oil
Plant.
In the next case were cocoons of the Tusseh Silk-moth
(Antherea mylitta) , from which, however, no moths had
emerged at the time of my visit. This species is said to
produce one of the strongest silks spun, although I believe it
is too difficult to wind to be used in any quantity as an article
of commerce. The moth is large, of a tawny colour, with a
large round spot or eyelet, destitute of scales, in the centre
of each wing. The inmates of the neighbouring- case were
near relatives of this species, being cocoons and living
imagines, or perfect insects of Perny's Silk-moths (A. Perny) ,
which greatly resembles the Tusseh in general characteristics,
but is considerably smaller. It comes from China. As men-
tioned in my former article, the larva is one of the easiest to
rear in this country, feeding on Oak and Hawthorn. A closely
allied species sometimes seen at this house is A. Roylei, which
is often crossed with A. Perny.
The Madagascar Pratincole (Glareola ocularis) , described
in my last article, was still in the same place, looking in
splendid health, as did the Electric Eels, but the Short-winged
Tyrant-birds (Machetornis rixosa) , which occupied the next
cage to the Eels' tank in December last, had been removed
to the Parrot House, their former habitation being tenanted
by two pairs of the Bearded Titmouse (Panurus biarmicus) ,
a charming European species, light brown in colour, with grey
heads, the males having a number of long black feathers
extending from the bill down each side of the throat, forming
two lengthened black patches like moustachios, hence their
name of " Bearded."
I found a change had also taken place in the wall aviary
in the north-west corner of the building, our old friend the
Fruit Cuckoo having been evicted from this roomy cage,
which he had occupied for many years, in order to make room
The Humming Bird. 35
for a specimen of the Oven Bird (Furnarius rufus), from
Buenos Ayres. It is a bird of about the same size of a
Thrush, which it somewhat resembles in general appearance,
except that the breast is not spotted. The Cuckoo had been
placed in a small cage in a recess to the aviary, and looked
very crestfallen at having been turned out of his spacious
apartment to make room for a new-comer. While I was
there, he gave utterance to the usual cry of his family,
"cuck-oo/' but in a very deep, resonant tone, strikingly
different to the sprightly call of his English cousin. Horsfield's
Scops Owl (Scops tempyi) , from Malacca, and a pair of the
Sahara Bunting (Fringillaria saharœ) , from North Africa,
occupied two adjacent cages, as they did on the occasion of
my last visit. The Undulated Grass Parroquets (Melop-
sittacus undulatus) , and the Large Hill Mynahs (Gracula
intermedia) , from Australia and India respectively, were also
in the same place as before.
In a small glass case next to the Mynah's cage were some
curious spiders from Bahia, Brazil. These were Tree Trap-
door Spiders.
The ordinary Trap-door Spiders make a burrow in the
earth, with a cleverly constructed lid to it, composed of earth
and silk, opening on a hinge of the latter article. When
closed, this lid is exactly level with the surface of the ground,
and, the top being of earth, it is perfectly indistinguishable
from its surroundings. The spider slightly lifts the edge of
this extraordinary trap-door, and watches for unwary insects
that chance to pass that way. In the case of the particular
species mentioned above, its habits are much the same, except
that the burrow is constructed in the trunk of a tree instead
of in the ground, the trap-door being made to assimilate with
the surrounding bark. Three or four very good photographs
above the case show the spider in the act of entering and
leaving his tunnel, and by comparing them with the pieces of
tree-trunk, one is enabled, after some difficulty, to detect the
entrances to the burrows, the spiders themselves being rarely
visible. I should think that these curious creatures must
make a very good living, tree-trunks being such favourite
resorts for all kinds of insects, especially in a country like
Brazil, where insect life is so prolific.
Next to the spiders is a case of pupae of the Bat Hawk-
moth (Deilephila vespertilio) , a European species which
somewhat resembles the better-known Spurge Hawk-moth
(D. Euphorbias) j found in some places on the British coast.
Their next door neighbours were the giant snails (Bulimics
36 The Humming Bird.
oblongus) , from Africa, which I spoke of in my former article.
An interesting case to collectors of British insects was one
containing young larvae of the Pearl-bordered Fritillary
Butterfly (Argynnis Euphrosyne) , which were hatched from
ova laid by a wild-caught female from Kent.
Some curious insects were to be seen in one of the large
cases, namely, a great number of Stick-insects (Diapheromera
femorata) , from Canada. As their name implies, these
extraordinary creatures resemble twigs of trees, being from
three to four inches, and extremely slender, varying in colour
from light-green to brown. The antennae are very long,
thin, and tapering, the legs been alsoattenuated and lengthened.
Many of them, especially those of a light colour, bear a
remarkable resemblance to the skeleton of a leaf, the remain-
ing portion of which, has been eaten by some insect, leaving
the principal ribs or veins bare. These insects are interesting
on account of this being the third generation in succession
raised in the Insect House from the original ova, and yet they
do not show the slightest deterioration either in size or vigour.
They feed on the leaves of plants, like the locusts and grass-
hoppers, and judging from the voracity which these specimens
exhibited, I should imagine that they must be very destructive
where found in any number.
There were several species of Silk-moths in cases close
to the Stick-insects, one being the Cecropian Silk-moth'
(Samia cecropia) , a large species from North America, the
prevailing colour of which is a warm gray, with a reddish
crescent-shaped mark in the centre of each wing. It is a fine
moth, very easily reared in this country. Another species was
the Polyphemus Silk-moth (Telea polyphemus) , also North
American ; this is another good-sized moth, somewhat re-
sembling the genus Antherea in the shape of the wings and
general appearance. The colour is tawny, with a large
circular spot, denude of scales, in the centre of the hind
wings, which spot is surrounded by a patch of dark-coloured
scales. In the next case were living specimens of the
American Moon-moth (Actias lunaj , which is smaller than
the Indian species mentioned at the commencement of this
article, but like it, light green in colour, with a white crescent
in the centre of each wing, and with the hind wings prolonged
into " tails."
Turning my attention to the cases on the centre tables,
the first to catch my eye was one containing specimens of the
Silver- washed Fritillary (Argynnis paphia) , from the New
Forest, Hampshire. This is one of the finest species found
The Humming Bird. 37
in England, and tolerably common in the South. It is deep
tawny above, with black spots and streaks, but the hind wings
are very handsome on the under surface, being green, streaked
or " washed " with silver. There is a curious variety of the
female found in the New Forest, in which the tawny red
colour of the upper surface gives place to green ; this variety
is much prized by collectors.
Another British species was represented by some larvae
and pupae of Lycœna corydon, the Chalk-Hill Blue Butterfly,
which is common on chalk-cliffs and downs, these particular
specimens coming from Dover, which is a great place for them.
It is unique in colouration among British butterflies, being of
a peculiar silvery greenish-blue, very beautiful and striking.
In the same case were some pupae and perfect insects of the
Glanville Fritillary Butterfly (Melitœa cinxia) , an extremely
local species in this country, the principal resort being the
Isle of Wight, from which these specimens came.
A second example of the genus Telea was shewn, in the
shape of T. promethea (the Promethean Silk-moth.) This
is a smaller and darker species than T. pohyphemus exhibiting,
in its general appearance a good deal of affinity with the
Cecropian Silk-moth.
The family of Sphingidœ or Hawk-moths was represented
by several European and one North American species. One
of the most familiar to British collectors was the Spurge
or Spotted Elephant Hawk-moth (Deilephila euphorbia?) ,
which is very pretty, with pink hind wings, barred with black.
A member of a different genus was the Oak Hawk-moth
(Smerinthus quercus) , also from Europe, resembling in shape
the Poplar Hawk-moth (Sm. populi) , a common British
species, but somewhat larger and paler than the latter. The
North American species in another case belonged to this
genus; it is a smaller moth, more like the English Sm.
ocellatus, or Eyed Hawk-moth, but smaller. Its scientific
name is S?n. excœcatus.
Two representatives of the genus Sphinx were the
Convolvulus Hawk-moth (S. convolvuli) , and the Pine Hawk-
moth (S. pinastri.) The latter is a large greyish moth, a
reputed British species, but very doubtful. The former is
found in this country, but is far from being common.
I was pleased to see on one of the centre tables, a case
containing some beetles belonging to the family Cassididœ.
These were very curious, head, legs, and body being entirely
hidden under acircular horny carapace, the tips of the antennae
and legs being just visible when the creature is walking, so
38 The Hummi7tg Bird.
that it looks like some strange animal moving about with a
shield on its back. That part of the carapace which is
attached to the body is reddish-brown, while the edges are
semi-transparent yellow. It comes from Ceylon. I say that
I was glad to see it, because the order Coleoptera is very
seldom represented at the Insect House, although many of its
members are quite as beautiful and interesting as the
Lepidoptera. I am certain that there must be many species
which could be sent to this country in a living state, and
collectors who would take the trouble to make the experiment,
and forward a few to the Zoological Society of London, would
have the satisfaction of knowing that they were conferring a
benefit, both on the public, by increasing their knowledge of
these insects, and on science, by facilitating their study,
as a closer observation could be kept on them than is possible
in their wild state, and many interesting and important facts
relating to them would doubtless be discovered, which would
otherwise have remained unknown.
I w r ill conclude by recommending everyone who takes an
interest in Natural History, and who has not visited this
charming place, to do so on the first opportunity ; I am
positive that they will not regret it. Every day new changes
are taking place, ova are hatching, larvae changing into pupae,
and butterflies and moths emerging from their shells. At the
time of my visit, almost all the cases which had living
imagines in, had ova also, the larvae from which will be
nearly full-fed by the time this article appears.
W. H. Rosenberg.
A NURSERY OF INSECTS.
For the breeding and rearing of insects, a building has
been newly erected by the United States Department of
Agriculture at Washington. Attached to it is a large glass
conservatory, which serves as a sort of hothouse for the pro-
pagation of insects of ever so many species. Those selected
for hatching out and bringing up are such as are of economic
importance — that is to say, which are injurious or beneficial
to useful plants. Like other animals, they require plenty of
light, and the air is kept warm and moist all through the
winter for the benefit of their health.
Along shelves in the conservatory are ranged a great
number of glass receptacles of different sizes. Some of them
are ordinary jelly glasses, while others are large jars, and yet
The Humming Bird. 39
others are tubes open at one end only, and corked tightly
with plugs of cotton. Each of these contains insects of some
kind in process of development, though just now most of
them are torpid, passing the winter in the chrysalis.
For example, in one jar are two gr three sunflower heads
which were infested by the larvae of the beetle.. The little
worms have buried themselves in the sand with which the
vessel is half filled, and next spring they will emerge as
perfect beetles, ready to lay their eggs in fresh sunflowers.
By thus confining an insect where it can be watched its
life history may be studied at leisure. All its transformations
may be noted, the breeding being carried on with many species
or generation after generation.
In a small jar half full of beans there are hundreds of
bean-eating bugs which will continue to reproduce their kind
so long as the food supply holds out.
Most of the jars are covered with muslin gauze, so as to
admit the air w r hile others are closed with glass tops to retain
moisture.
In one jelly glass filled with little flies is an Irish potatoe
riddled with holes by the maggot-like larvae of the flies. A
jar contains a few twigs infested with little worms which will
come out after a while as beetles. In another receptacle,
half full of sand, are some yucca pods lying about.
They have been abandoned by certain grubs, which have
buried themselves in the sand, where they will undergo a
transformation, emerging next spring at the blossoming time
•of the yucca in the shape of white moths. Yet another vessel
holds half a dozen huge oak galls, three inches in diameter.
They are tumoury-like excrescences caused by small gnat-
like insects, which sting the stem of the plant in hundreds of
places close together, depositing an egg in each wound.
Thus irritated, the tree forms over the injured part an
odd-looking growth, which serves to protect the offspring of
the gall bag until they are ready to go out into the world and
lay more eggs, perhaps on the stem which fostered them.
Some galls are woolly and others are of brilliant colours.
They have many commercial and medicinal uses.
Every day all of the glass receptacles are examined.
Newly hatched insects, when wanted, are removed and killed,
after which they are stuck on pins in boxes, arranged accord-
ing to species, as books are arranged in a library. The boxes
shaped like hollow books and opening in the same way, are
similarly placed in rows on shelves, the back of each one
labelled.
40 The Humming Bird.
A catalogue serves as an index to the entire collection,,
every individual bug having a number. Up to date, only a
small fraction of the insects in the world have been named
and classified, it being estimated that no fewer than 10,000,000
species exist. «
In one jar are a few pieces of bark honey-combed by
woodborers. In this case, sawdust instead of sand is provided
for the larvae to bury themselves in, preliminary to coming out
as flies. A jelly glass contains a little wheat flour, together
with some beetles of a kind that devour stored grain and
flour. These latter are readily bred, and can be watched
throughout their development, from the egg to the larval form,,
and from the latter to the beetle.
In like manner wheat moths are propagated in a vessel
with kernels of wheat, and "joint worms" are observed in
the act of feeding upon stems of the wheat plant. Root-
attacking bugs are propagated very simply in earth in pots,
together with the growing plants whose roots they feed upon.
To prevent them from escaping when they come out of the
ground, glass jars are inverted over the plants and pots.
An important feature of this work is the study of parasites
of the insects themselves. There is hardly any kind of bug
which is not preyed upon by one or more other species. The
best way to exterminate a pestiferous bug is often to introduce
a hostile species to the region where the damage is being
done. In this manner the Department of Agriculture has>
saved the orange-growing industry of California from being
destroyed by the fluted scale insect from Australia, the lady
bug which preys upon the scale.
The operations of such parasites are watched in the same
jars with the insects fed upon, and thus knowledge is obtained
of their habits which is likely to be most useful. In one jar
are several chinch bugs together with some of the fungus
which attacks them as a destructive disease.
This vegetable parasite is being extensively utilised over
in Kansas, bugs affected with it being scattered broadcast to
spread contagion among their kind. In other receptacles are
combs of bumble bees and wasps, which are being kept for
the purpose of developing and breeding insect parasites that
have attacked the larvae in the cells. Of course, the bumble
bee is an animal of economic importance, inasmuch as it does
a great deal of useful work in the fertilising of plants. With-
out its aid in this way there would be no red clover.
" Citizen, Brooklyn."
LIST OF BIRD SKINS FOR SALE at 225, High Holborn, London, W.C.
RAMPHASTIDAE.
i Ramphastos toco, Mull. ..
2 ,, carinatus, Sw.
3 „ brevicarinatus, Gould
4 ,, tocard, Vieil.
5 „ ambignus, Sw.
6 ,, cuvieri, Wagl.
7 ,, culminatus, Gould
8 ,, ariel, Vig. . .
g „ vitellinus, Litht. . .
io ,, vitelliuus Var., trinitensis
(Trinidad),
il „ dicolorus, L.
12 Andigena hypoglaucus, Gould . .
13 ,, laminirostns, Gould . .
14 ,, nigrirostris, Waterh. . .
15 ,, spilorhynchus, Gould . .
16 ,, bailloni, Vieill.
17 Pteroglossus wiedi, Sturm
18 ,, pluricinctus, Gould
19 ,, torquatus, Gmel. . .
20 ,, bitorquatus, Vig. . .
21 ,, flavirostris, Fras. . .
22 ,, viridis, L. . .
23 Selenidera maculirostris, Licht.
24 ,, reinwardti, Wagl.
25 ,, piperivora, L. . .
26 ,, spectabilis, Cass.
27 Aulacoramphus sulcatus, Sw
28
29
30
3i
32
33
34
35
36
erythrognathus, Gould
derbianus, Gould
whitelyanus, Salv.
prasinus, Licht.
albivittatus, Sclat.
haematopygius, Gould
caeruleicinctus, d'Orb .
caeruleigularis, Gould,
var veraguensis
CALBULIDAE.
37 Urogalba paradisea, L. . .
38 Galbula viridis, Lath.
39 ,, ruficanda, Cuv.
40 ,, melanogenia Sclat
41 „ tombacea Spix
42 ,, albirostris Lath
43 ,, chalcocephala Dev.
44 ,, leucogastra, Vieill
45 ,, chalcothorax, Sclat.
46 Brachygalba fulviventris, Sclat.
47 Jacamsralcyora tridactyla Vieill,
48 Galbalcyrhynchus lencotis Des Murs
49 Jacamerops grandis and Var, Less.
CAPITONIDAE.
50 Pogonorhynchus dubius, Gmel.
51 Melanobucco bidentatus, Shaw
52 ,, melanopterus, Gof.
53 ,, levaillanti, Leach.
54 ,, abyssinicus, Lath. -
55 ,, torquatus, Dum.
56 ,, vieilloti, Leach.
57 Tricholuema leucomelas, Shelley
58 Gymnobucco calvus, Gray
s.
16
10
10
10
8
20
20
10
16
5o
40
12
12
16
8
10
5
20
20
10
16
16
10
16
16
20
30
50
6
5
10
50
20
20
5
5
5
10
10
10
12
12
8
10
30
Ï2
16
l6
16
50
20
IO
4
10
Capitonidae — Continued.
59 Barbatula duchaillui, Cass.
60 „ pusilla, Dum.
61 ,, lencolaema, Verr.
62 ,, subsulphurea Fras.
63 Caloramphus hayi, Gray
64 ,, fuliginosus, Tem.
6Ç Megalaema marshallorum, Swinh.
66 Chotorhea chrysopogon, Tem. . .
67 . . versicolor Raffl.
68 Cyanops asiatica Lath.
69
70
7 1
72
73
74
75
76
henrici, Tem.
franklini, Blyth
ramsayi, Wald.
mystacophanes, Tem.
monticola, Sharpe
caniceps, Fras. . .
lineata, Vieill.
viridis, Bodd.
77 Mesobucco duvauceli, Less.
78 Xantholaema haematocephala, Mull.
79 ,, rosea, Dum.
80 Psilopogon pyrolophus, Mull. . .
81 Trachyphonus margaritatus, Rupp.
82 ,, boehmi, Finch.
83 ,, purpuratus, Verr.
84 ,, goffini, Schlegel.
85 Capito maculicoronatus, Lawr.
86
87
88
89
90
9i
niger, Mull,
punctatus, Less,
richardsoni, Gray
granadensis, Shelley
bourcieri, Laf.
salvini, Shelley
92 Tetragonops frantzii, Sclat.
BUCCONIDAE.
93 Bucco collaris, Lath.
94 ,, macrorhynchus, Gmel
95 ,, dysoni, Sclat. . .
96 ,, swainsoni, Gray
97 ,, pectoralis, Gray
98 ,, tectus, Bodd.
99 ,, subtectus, Sclat.
100 „ macrodactylus, Spix.
101 ,, ruficollis, Wagl.
102 ,, bicinctus, Gould
103 ,, tamatia, Gmel. ■
104 ,, maculatus, Gmel.
105 ,, radiatus, Sclat.
106 Malacoptila fusca, Gmel.
107 ,, torquata, Hahn
108 ,, panamensis, Laf.
109 , ,, mystacalis, Sclat.
no ,, costaricensis, Cab.
in ,, inornata, Du Bus
112 Monacha nigra, Mull. ..
113 ;.,', flavirostris, Strickl.
114 ,, morpheus, Hahn.
115 ,, pallescens, Cass.
116 ,, nigrifrons, Spix.
117 Chelidoptera tenebrosa, Pall.
118 ,, brasiliensis, Sclat.
LIST OF BIRD SKINS FOR SALE at 225, High Holborn, London,
CUpULIDAE.
119 Coccystes glandarius, L.
120 ,, coromandus, L.
121 ,, jacobinus, Bodd.
122 ,, cafer, Licht.
123 Hieroeoccyx sparveriodes, Vig.
124 Guculus micropterus, Gould
125 ,, canorus, L.
126 ■ ■■ ,, pallidus, Lath.
127 Cacomantis flabelliformis, Lath.
128 ,, merulinus, Scop.
129 ,, virescens, Brugg.
130 ,, cartaneiventris, Gould
131 ,, passerinus, Vahl.
132 Chrysococcyx smaragdineus, Sw.
133 ,, cupreus, Bodd.
134 Ghalcococeyx xauthorhyuhus, Horsf.
135 ,, meyeri, Salv.
136 ,, basalls, Horsf.
137 ,, lucidus, Gmel.
138 Coccysus minor, Gmel.
139 ,, • melanocoryphus, Vieill.
140 ,, americanus, L.
141 Urodynamys taitiensis, Sparm.
142 Eudynamys honorata, L.
143 ,, cyanocephala, Lath . .
144 ,, melanorhyncha, Mull.
145 Scythrops novoe hollandie, Lath.
146 Centropss menebiki, Less.
147 ,, nigricans, Salv.
14b ,, phasianus. Lath.
149 ,, sinensis, Steph.
150 ,, borneensis, Bp.
151 ,, toulou, Mull. .. ..
152 ,, javanicus, Dum.
153 ,, eurycercus, Hay.
154 ,, seuegalensis, L.
155 ,, superciliosus, Hempr.
156 ,, celebensis, Quoy.
157 Saurothera dominicensis, Laf.
158 ,, merlini, Dorb.
159 Piaya csyana, L.
160 ,, mehleri, Bp. . .
161 ,, melanogastra, Vieill.. .
162 ,, minuta, Vieill.
163 Zanclostomus javanicus, Horsf.
164 Rhopodytes tristis, Less. . .
165 ,,, diardi, Less. ..
166 ,, ' sumatranus, Rafl.
167 Rhinortha chlorophea, Rafl. . .
168 Rhamphococcyx calorhynchus, T.
169 Urococcyx erythrognathus, Hartt.
1:70 Centmochares flaVirostris, Sw.
171 ,, intermedius, Sharpe . .
172 Dasylophus superciliosus, Cuv.
173 Coua caerulea, L.
174 ,, reynaudi, Pucher
175 ,, cristata, L. . .
176 ,, ruficeps, Gray
177 ,, coquereli, Grand ..
!78 ,1 gigas, Bodd. . . . .
17g Geococcyx mexicanus, Gm.
s.
4
4
4
5
5
5
3
5
4
5
5
20
5
15
6
10
20
4
5
5
8
5
12
4
5 :
6
10
6
16;
6
6
8
6
4
6
5 !
10
6
20
20
4
4
6
3
8
5
6
10
20
8
30
8
16
20
40
16
Cuculidae — Continued.
180 ,, • affinis, Hartl.
181 Diplopterus naevius, L
182 Dromococcyx phasianellus, Spix.
183- ,, • pavoninus, Pelz.
184 Crotophaga major, Ginel.
185 • ,, ani, L. . . . .
186 ,, sulcirostris, Sw.
187 Guira guira, Gmel.
MUSOPHACIDAE.
188 Turacus persa, Gray . .
189 ,, meriani, Rupp.
190 ,, leucolophus, Hengl.
191 Gallirex porphyreolophus, Vig
ig2 Musophaga violacea, Isert.
193 Corythaeola cristata, Vieill.
ig4 Schizorhis africana, Lath.
TROGONIDAE.
195 Pharomacrus mocinae, la Llave.
ig6 ,, cortaricensis, Boucard
ig7 ,, ' antisiensis, d'Orb
ig8 ,, auriceps, Gould
igg ,, pavoninus, Spix.
200 Tmetotrogon 1 ^odogaster T
■ b - | roseigaster, Vieill.
201 Prionotelus temnurus, T.
202 Trogon mexicanus, Sw.
2.03
204
205
206-
207
208
20g
210
211
212
213
214
215
2l6
217
218
21g
220
221
222
223
224
personatus, Gould
eollaris, Vieill.
laglaizei, Boucard
elegans, Gould . .
ambiguus, Gould
puella, Gould
auranteivenlris, Gould
atricollis, Vieill.
tenellus, Cab.
viridis, Briss.
chionurus, Sclat.
bairdi, Lawr.
citreolus, Gould
melanocephalus, Gould
caligatus, Gould
meridionalis, Sw.
ramonianus, Dev.
surucura, Vieill.
melanurus, Sw.
macrurus, Gould
masseua, Gould
elathratus, Salv.
225 Hapaloderma narina, Lev.
226 Harpactes diardi, T.
227 ,, kasumba, Rafl.
228 ,, whiteheadi, Sharpe . .
22g ,, erythrocephalus, Gould
230 ,, duvauceli, T.
231 ,, oreskios, T.
This List cancels all previous ones.
Printed by Pardy & Son, 8, The Triangle, Bournemouth,
Vol. IV. Part IV.] DECEMBER, 1894.
[Price 2/6.
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She §iummittg
DESCRIPTION d'une ESPECE NOUVELLE
de COQUILLE du JAPON du genre ARCA
par le Docteur Felix Jousseaume.
Area Boucardi, n.sp.
Testa oblonga,valde inaequilateralis, postici oblique truncata
superne emarginata, carina angulata ab umbone ad marginem
decurrens, margo ventralis bisso oblongo hians, tennuissime
radiatim granuloso-costata, supra carinam radiis 5 latioribus
longitudinaliter striata, albido rufescens aut cinerea; epitesta
nigra antice hirta postice tomentosa ; umbones angulati
curvati ; area ligamenti plano-eoncava, alba tennuissime
striata, striis rectis imbricatis in quatuor partem sectans corio
nigro obtecta.
Long, 57 à 60. Alt., 28 à 33. Diam. trans., 33 à 37 mill.
Cette coquille par sa taille et par sa forme se place à coté
des A noce et navicularis, elle est bombée au centre et
atténuée à ses extrémités ; la partie bombée, légèrement
déformée au milieu a la forme d'un triangle dont l'un des
angles est formé par le crochet des valves qui se contourne en
volute en s'inclinant en dedans. L'extrémité antérieure
beaucoup plus courte que la postérieure décrit une courbe
arrondie qui se continue sans ligne de démarcation avec le
bord inférieur. Elle s'arrête brusquement en haut où elle
forme un angle droit avec le bord de la surface du ligament.
L'extrémité postérieure qu'une arête saillante et anguleuse
sépare de la partie médiane est plane et taillée en bec de
flûte, son bord libre est obliquement incliné de haut en bas et
d'avant en arrière. Sur la partie externe des valves dont la
teinte est d'un gris maculé d'un rouge clair ferrugineux se
dessinent des côtes rayonnantes qui portent des sommets, ces
côtes qui vont en augmentant de grosseur et de nombre par
l'addition de côtes intermédiaires sont très fines, serrées'
granuleuses et d'environ 70 sur la partie médiane de l'extrémit ,
antérieure. Sur la partie plane de l'extrémité postérieure, leé
côtes sont beaucoup plus larges et plus espacées, au nombre d e
42 The Humming Bird.
cinq. Simples à leur naissance elles sont ensuite divisées en
deux ou trois petits cordons superficiels par des stries
longitudinales peu profondes ; dans les sillons qui les séparent
il existe également de un à deux de ces petits cordons filiformes;
•ce faisceau des stries longitudinales est découpé par de fines
lamelles transversales. Le bord inférieur légèrement déprimé
en face les sommets présente en cet endroit un écartement
des valves qui laisse' pour le passage du byssus, une étroite et
longue ouverture baillante. Le bord supérieur presque aussi
long et parallèle au précédent s'étale en une large surface
excavée transversalement comme la tuile d'un toit et recouverte
dans presque toute son étendue par une membrane noirâtre.
Au dessus de cette membrane apparaît le test de la coquille
qui est blanc et très finement strié. Ces stries très fines,
nombreuses, droites et serrées suivent pour chaque valve la
direction des bords de la surface sur laquelle elles se trouvent
et viennent se joindre à angle obtus en formant une ligne qui
s'étend d'un crochet à celui de la valve opposée. La face
interne des valves blanches et rugueuses est encadrée par un
étroit liseré brun qui couvre les bords, les impressions
musculaires dont la postérieure est violacée sont irrégulières
et couvertes d'un réseau arborescent de stries longitudinales.
Les bords antérieur et inférieur sont finement dentés alors que
le postérieur ne porte que quatre à cinq dents assez saillantes,
larges et séparées par des sillons d'une largeur à peu près
égale.
Habitat. — Mers du Japon.
Les trois coquilles que j'ai de cette espèce dont une seule
est en parfait état, mont été données par mon excellent ami
M. Adolphe Boucard à qui je dédie cette espèce. C'est un
bien faible hommage de ma reconnaissance en rapport aux
immenses services rendus à l'étude des sciences naturelles par
un homme qui depuis sa plus tendre enfance leur a sacrifié
tous les instants de sa vie.
Monsieur Boucard avait à peine douze ans lorqu'il entreprit
son premier voyage scientifique. Depuis cette époque
jusqu'à l'âge de 45 ans, il a fait de nombreux voyages
d'exploration, surtout en Amérique et soit par lui même ou
par ses voyageurs il a répandu, fait connaître et augmenté
d'espèces nombreuses les différents groupes de la faune
américaine. Par ses relations avec les Naturalistes du monde
entier, il a procuré aux travailleurs et aux savants de riches et
importants sujets d'étude.
The Humming Bird. 43
La faune du Japon, si intéressante par la forme inattendue
des espèces qu'on y recontre et si instructive dans ses rapports
avec celle des autre mers, n'était connue des malacologistes
que par un très petit nombre d'espèces disséminées dans les
collections ; aussi malgré les importantes monographies qu'on
avait publié à ce sujet, était il impossible de se faire une idée
exacte de eette faune et d'en tirer des conséquences précises.
Pour combler cette lacune, M. Boucard s'est fait envoyer
du Japon un très grand nombre d'espèces et d'individus qu'il
a livrés aussitôt aux malacologistes et aux collectionneurs.
Ce qu'il m'a envoyé personnellement et la collection déjà
importante que je possédais d'espèces du Japon me permet de
donner un aperçu général sur la corrélation de cette faune avec
celles de localitées si éloignées ; que l'on est surpris d'y
rencontrer les mêmes espèces.
Plus de mille espèces de la faune malacologique du Japon
nous sont actuellement connues. Les unes qui n'ont pas encore
étérencontréesailleurs semblent confinées dans la merde Chine;
d'autres se retrouvent dans l'Océan arctique et les points les
plus rapprochés de l'Océan pacifique, mais c'est dans la Mer
rouge que l'on rencontre le plus d'espèces de la faune du Japon,
et fait extraordinaire l'on trouve des espèces du Japon dans la
Méditerrranée, alors qu'on ne rencontre aucune espèce, com-
mune entre la faune de la Méditerranée et celle de la Mer
Rouge.
Les espèces spéciales au Japon et dont quelques unes
vivent également sur les côtes de Chine ont des formes si
gracieuses et si bizarres qu'elles ont du servir de modèle à
l'art décoratif de l'extrême orient. Parmi ces espèces je
citerai Fusus pagonus, Ranella perça, Murex falcatus, That-
cheiria mirabilis, Cancellaria nodulifera, et les espèces du
genre Latiaxis et d'autres de formes moins excentriques tel que
les espèces des genres Siphonalia, Volutharpa turcica, le
Murex troscheli, la Nassaria Japonica, Eburna Japonica, etc.,
qui semblent également porter en elles un cachet local.
Les espèces du Japon que l'on rencontre dans la Merrouge,
sont si nombreuses que je ne signalerai ici que celles qui sont
connues de tous les malacologistes et sur l'identité desquelles
il ne peut subsister aucun doute ; tels que, Murex adustus,
rota ; Bucinum proteus, undatum, Triton pileare, aquatilis,
tritonis ; Ranella granifera, Phos senticosus ; Purpura ru-
dolphi, mancinella ; Rapana bulbosa ; Coralliophilla mono-
donta ; Leptoconchus striatus ; Mitra ferruginea, amphorella,
44 The Humming Bird.
crenulata ; Columbella scripta, flava, mendicaria ; Doliuro
perdix, pomum ; Ficula reticulata ; Natica toeniata, simioe,
melanostoma, papillo ; Cassis rufa, vibex, Terebra maculata r
subulata ; Conus ebraeus, textile ; Strombus lustruanus, gib-
berulus ; Pterocera bryonia, lambis, Terrebellum punctatum ;.
Cypraea isabella, carneola, felina, cribraria, fimbriata, macula,
reticula, arabica, mauritiana, moneta, annulus, vitellus, lynx,
erosa, caurica, helvola, staphylea, lienardi ; Ovula ovum ;
Cerithium columna, aluco, kockii; Nerita albicilla; Phasianella
variegata ; Umbonium vestaria; Cardinalia, virgata; Stomatia
phrynotis ; Gena lutea; Teinotis asinina ; Macrochisma macro-
chisma ; Hydatina physis, Bulla ampulla ; Atys naticum,
Gastrochœna grandis ; Aspergyllum vaginiferum ; Merope
aegyptiaca, Roeta pellucida ; Coecella chinensis ; Psammobia
occidens, Venus reticulata, marica ; Tivella damaoides, Vene-
rupis macrophylla, Coralliophaga coralliophaga ; Tridacna
squamosa, Modiolaria cumingiana ; Vulsella spongiarium,
Meleagrina margaritiformis ; Malleus régula, Pinna bicolor,,
saccata ; Area navicularis, Cucullaea, concamerata, etc.
Toutes ces espèces, et un nombre bien plus grand encore que
je n'ai pas signalées, au lieu de prendre le chemin le plus
court pour se rendre de l'une à l'autre de ces deux localités
'se sont tracées un itinéraire dont je vais indiquer les princi-
pales stations: — les Philippines, la Nouvelle Calédonie, et l'île
Maurice où l'on retrouve toutes ces espèces associées à des
espèces provenant des autres localités environnantes. Ce
n'est qu'isolées ou en très petit nombre que l'on constate la
présence des espèces que nous venons d'énumérer dans
l'immense espace compris entre les côtes est et sud de l'Asie
et la courbe qui relie la Mer rouge au Japon en passant par
Maurice, la Nouvelle Calédonie et les Philippines. Aussi
pourrait-on les considérer comme des rejetons d'individus qui
se seraient égarés. Je ne doute pas que ces espèces suivent
dans cette migration la direction des courants sous marins et
que ce soit eux qui se sont chargés de leur transport d'une
localité à une autre.
Des espèces communes à la faune du Japon et de la
Mediterrannée, nous ne connaissons actuellement que les
suivantes : —
Triton nodiferum, Parthenopes. lampas ; Cassis saburon ;
Mya arenaria, truncata; Tapes decussata; anomia ephippium ;
Terebratulina caput serpentis.
La présence des mêmes espèces dans deux localités aussi
The Humming Bird. 45
éloignées est si peu concevable que les auteurs qui se sont
occupés les premiers de la faune malacologique du Japon,
leur ont donné des noms différents. Quoique peu nombreuses,
* ces espèces confinées dans deux localités que sépare dans
toute sa largeur le continent asiatique et dont on ne rencontre
aucune trace sur l'immense parcours des mers qui les relient,
sont les témoins irrécusables du prolongement de l'Océan
indien jusqu'à la Méditerranée à travers la partie septen-
trionale de l'Asie : car il est inadmissible qu'une cause acci-
dentelle ait présidé au transport, d'une de ces localités à
l'autre, d'espèces de taille aussi grande et de genres aussi
•différents et aussi éloignés.
L'on pourra voir par ce court aperçu, de quel intérêt serait
pour la science une étude approfondie de la faune malacolo-
gique du Japon, et combien les efforts tentés à ce sujet par
M. Boucard sont louables et méritoires.
THE USE OF SALT
FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES,
Salt can be considered as of the utmost importance to
agriculture, but in dry and light soil it is not sufficient. Two
hundredweight of salt should be applied with each cartload of
manure. The best time to use it is just before the land is
broken up, when it gets ploughed in, and thoroughly incor-
porated with the soil. Five or six hundredweight per acre
may be used with great advantage on light and friable soil,
but upon heavy wet land, it should be used more moderately.
It is good for all produce. It strengthens the straw and
increases the yeild on crops of wheat, barley, oats, and such
like. It can be also used with the greatest advantage in the
orchard, for nearly all classes of vegetables and fruits. It
protects all of them from the attacks of the mildew.
A friend of mine, who lives near Paris, has succeeded in
obtaining splendid crops of cherries, pears, apples, peaches,
grapes, and other fruits, by using salt mixed withmanure. Before
46 The Humming Bird.
he knew of this, his beautiful and extensive garden was sa
attacked by mildew that he could scarcely raise any fruit at all,
and this of a very poor description. After making use of salt,
about four ounces for each vine, and as many pounds for each
fruit tree, he had the satisfaction of seeing the mildew disappear
completely, and now he gathers such a quantity of good fruit
that he scarcely knows what to do with it.
Here, where I am living now, in the Isle of Wight, the
farmers have the same habit as those of Normandy and
Brittany, of gathering the varec on the shore, and to cart and
spread it in their fields in large quantities, and I am told that
the results are very satisfactory. Although I am quite certain
that the varec by itself is a good sort of manure, I attribute,
more especially, the success attending their operations to the
salt which they carry with the varec, although I am afraid that
they have never found it out. Therefore Salt must be con-
sidered as one of the best remedies against the attacks of the
mildew, and as a great factor in obtaining good crops, and it
ought to be extensively used by all, in agricultural pursuits.
ARE ANTS OF AID TO FRUIT-GROWERS ?
Can the ant be enlisted into the service of man and be
utilised for a beneficent purpose by the fruit-grower ? In this
country the ant is looked upon as a pest by the horticulturist
and gardener that must either be poisoned with arsenic, suffo-
cated with tobacco smoke, or drowned in boiling water ; but
in spite of these stereotyped ideas, there is just the possibility
of indiscriminately destroying an insect which, though insig-
nificant in stature, may, when its true value be determined,
prove one of the most useful aids in the orchard that can be
imagined.
Though generally regarded as an unmitigated nuisance,
they may, when their habits are more fully known, be found
to be useful servants of the farmer and gardener.
For instance, many of the leading orchardists of Southern
Germany and Northern Italy hold the black ant in high
esteem, and take measures to promote their increase.
They establish ant hills in their orchards, and leave the
police service of their fruit trees entirely to their tiny colonists,
which pass all their time in climbing up the stems of the
The Humming Bird. 47
fruit trees, cleansing the boughs and leaves of malefactors,
natural as well as embryonic, and descend laden with spoils
to the ground, where they comfortably or prudently store
away their booty.
They never meddle with sound fruit, but only invade
such apples, pears and plums as have already been penetrated
by the insects, in pursuit of which they penetrate to the very
heart of the fruit. Nowhere else in the orchard are the apple
and pear trees so free from insect ravages and blight as in
the immediate neighbourhood of a large ant hill, five or six
years old.
HOW THEY PROTECT THE TREES BY DESTROYING
THEIR BROTHER INSECTS.
In China, even since the sixteenth century, and probably
earlier, ants have been used to protect fruit trees from the
ravages of insect pests. In the province of Canton, the
orange trees are injured by certain worms, and the orchardists
rid themselves of the pests by importing ants from the hill
country.
Two species of ants — the red and yellow, which build
their nests suspended from the branches of trees — are used
for this purpose. The ants are placed in the upper branches
of the tree, where they build their nests ; bamboo rods are
stretched from one to another all through the orchard, so as
to give the ants free access to all the trees.
They are said to be very effectual in protecting the trees.
The valuable aid afforded by ants in protecting orange trees
from insect ravages has been observed in Florida. One year,
when very few of the groves near Jacksonville bore much
fruit, on account of insect ravages, one planter secured a
large crop, and attributed his success to having used ants as
insect destroyers, having induced them to frequent his trees
by trying them with a strong solution of syrup and water.
The solution dried, leaving a saccharine substance adher-
ing to the leaves, twigs, and branches of the trees, in seeking
which the ants killed the insects which infected the trees and
destroyed the blossoms in the bud, or the young fruit after it
had set.
Ants have been observed to destroy canker worms.
Whether this is a frequent occurrence or not, it is a matter
well worth the attention of those orchardists who have suffered
48 The Humming Bird.
much from the ravages of that pest. In this connection here
are the observations made by a specialist. He said : —
" It is new to us that ants are great destroyers of the
canker worms, and probably other worms or insects of the
smaller varieties. We watched with great interest the work
of a large colony of black ants which attacked the canker
worms on an elm tree in our grounds, and were delighted
with the nature and result of their labours.
" Two processions of the ants were moving down, each
bringing with it a canker worm, which it held fast in its
mandibles, grasping the worm firmly in the centre of the
body.
" Although the prey was nearly the size of the destroyer,
the plucky little ant ran down the tree in a lively way,
deposited its body in its nest in the ground, and instantly
returned for further slaughter.
" There were at one time as many as forty coming down
the tree, each bringing its victim, and doing the work with
apparent ease. Extending our observation we noticed that
the ant ran up the trunk and out on the limb, and from thence
on to the leaves of the tree where the filthy worm was at
work, and, seizing him with a strong grip about the centre of
the body, turned about with the squirming worm, and retraced
his steps.
" The worm was dead by the time the ant reached the
ground. If this move of the ant is common, they must prove
valuable friends to the farmers and fruit raisers, and should be
protected in every way possible. We do not believe that the
birds that prey upon worms will do the work in a week in our
orchards which these ants were doing in an hour."
Worms have also been known to have been destroyed by
ants. A gentleman, a few years since, gave the following
account of what he saw : —
" During the last two weeks of July I was cursed with an
invasion of the worms, and after I had recovered from my
first chargin at the prospect, I began to enjoy the antagonisms
between the ants and the worms.
" If the ant attacking the worm was the large black ant,
one usually engaged in the contest, the ant usually took the
worm by the nape of the neck, and the struggle was between
the strength of the ant and that of the worm. The bite of
the ant did not seem to kill the worm at once, but the fight
sometimes lasted fifteen minutes, always resulting in the
victory of the ant.
The Hui?î??iing Bird. 49
" It was then dragged to the ant's quarters. If the attack
was made by the small red ants, two usually took the work.
One made the attack, but would soon require assistance.
Sometimes the ant would go away and seek help, and upon
returning" could find no worm, and thus the worm would
escape."
The question is an important one to fruit growers,
especially as since the unjustifiable and wanton destruction
of birds by farmers, the ravages of insects pests during the
past few years have increased in the most alarming manner. If
the ant can be utilized in the manner we suggest, there will
be no need for the introduction of poisonous solutions into
English orchards. — Horticultural Times.
BANANA CULTURE.
The banana, we learn from a United States official Report,
is so popular a fruit in that country, that during August and
September seventy-eight thousand tons were imported, while,
on the other hand, its culture is extending with such rapidity,
that before long the entire home demand will be met by
Florida, Mississippi, and other suitable areas of the Republic.
If true — which we doubt — this will not be good news for the
grape dealers whose wares it is displacing, or for our West
India Colonies from which the supplies of this wholesome
fruit are at present obtained. Nor is it altogether for the
benefit of the United States ; for when the lazy negro learns
that with the minimum of labour the maximum of food can be
grown on a mere patch of ground, it will be vain to expect
him to toil at such uncertain crops as cotton or tobacco, far
less at "raising" wheat which is saleable in Liverpool for
thirty shillings the quarter, and in the land where it is grown
brings a great deal less. All he has to do is to betake him-
self to the hot, steaming country on the Lower Mississippi,
plant a banana patch, and return to a state of pristine savagery.
In short, the introduction of the banana is destined to do as
much harm in the old slave lands as the introduction of the
potato did in Ireland — an easily reared food plant, highly con-
ducive to early marriages, large families, and all abounding
sloth.
But the banana — and under this head we include the
plantain, which is reallv only one of many varieties — has
infinitely greater possibilities than the potato. It is, in the
50 The Humming Bird.
first place, far more nutritious and a hundredfold more fruitful.
At the best the Irish tuber yields only food, and, by a process
with which the excise are not supposed to be acquainted, an
uncommonly poor description of very ardent spirit. But the
banana is excellent food, and, with a little manipulation, gives
a beverage largely consumed over the whole of Central Africa.
It is capable of providing shelter quite sufficient for the wants
of the dwellers in the sun lands, and its fibre is, for the
purpose of weaving, preferable to cotton or flax. An Indian
— say in Central America — or a negro in Uganda, may, when
he plants an acre of bananas, dismiss from his mind any
anxiety as to the future. It is impossible to imagine a crop more
easily reaped. With a little care the plants may be made to
bear practically all the year round, and as a bunch will weigh
from twenty to eighty pounds, it is clear that to lay in stores
for a frugal household (to whom a yard of cotton apiece is an
ample wardrobe) is a briefer and easier task than even digging
a bucket of potatoes or husking a bushel of maize. And there
is no comparing the productive powers of the two vegetables.
An imperial acre of bananas is estimated to produce forty-four
times more by weight than the potato, and one hundred and
thirty five more than wheat. Unripe, the banana is excellent
boiled as a vegetable, or, as all who have visited the West
Indies must recall, sliced and fried as fritters for breakfast.
As a fully ripe fruit most of us know it, even in the immature
condition in which it reaches the English markets from the
Azores and other Southern countries. Roasted and flavoured
with the juice of oranges and lemons, and sugar, and made
into a kind of compote, it is excellent ; and in Monbuttu, in
Central Africa — and elsewhere — the fruit is dried, in which
condition it can be preserved for months, or, if spices and
sugar are added, it is formed into a paste quite capable of
being kept good for years. The mealier ones, by being oven
or sun dried, and then pounded, can be readily converted into
a nutritious flour, which contains not only starch, but protein,
or flesh forming material.
But the food-yielding properties of the banana do not
end here. There is a wild species — the " Ensete " — of Aby-
ssinia, the fruit of which is dry and inedible, though the base
of the flower stalk can be cooked and eaten. When soft,
like a turnip well cooked and flavoured with butter or milk.
Bruce declared it to be " the best of all food — wholesome,
nourishing, and easily digested," an eulogy which must, how-
ever, be discounted by the fact that the Scottish traveller
The Humming Bird. 51
himself had the credit of discovering this vegetable resource
of a rather resourceless land. Finally, the l( merissa " beer,
which is drunk in prodigious quantities all over the Upper
Nile and Lake country in Africa, is the fermented juice of the
banana. Even the Mahdi has had to wink at its consumption,
while a recent traveller doubts whether he ever saw as many
tipsy people as in a certain district in Africa. The banana
will even yield medicine, forthe juice ofthestem — the spongy
pith of which is also highly nutritious — is a useful astringent.
Taken internally, the leaves are said to be valuable against
dropsy, and are often used externally in cases of scalds and
ulcers. The stems are, in Tonquin, burned, and the ashes
employed for purifying sugar, while all parts of the plant
abound in a fibre which has never been systematically utilised
except in small quantities. In Dacca, the country people
make from it the string of the bow with which they tease
cotton, and in some of the Indian islands a cloth is woven
from the banana thread which is not much inferior to that
made from the Abaca — a banana which yields the well-
known Manilla hemp. The top of the banana stems, if boiled,
is an excellent pot herb, and the large fronds are employed
not only for packing and as plates, but in roofing the native
huts. In brief, the United States, by teaching the negroes
the manifold virtues of a plant known to their countrymen in
Africa, are doing them and the country at large a question-
able benefit. We doubt, however, whether, even with the
protective tariff, the warmest portions of the United States
will ever be able to compete with the West Indies in rearing
a fruit which flourishes in such perfection all over Jamaica and
the Antilles generally. Central Africa, too, is becoming one
vast banana plantation. For miles and miles nothing else is
seen ; even the Indians of Central and South America have
not taken more kindly to it. Captain Lugard describes the
fruit as the national meat and drink ; and Emin Pacha tells
us that, though the plantations are well kept, the only manure
they receive is bunches of grass allowed to rot around the
base of each plant. In that part of Africa there are three
kinds of bananas — one with insipid fruit, used only for making
beer ; a second sweet, with white pulp, which is both eaten
and employed in distilling "wines;" and a third, used entirely
for eating, though generally cooked with meat, in the green
state. In Monbuttu there are ten different varieties, one of
them bearing fruit eight to ten inches long, and thick in pro-
portion, though generally consumed in a dried condition.
52 The Humming Bird.
In all these lands the plants grow with great ease, in spite
of the fact that they receive the least amount of care. To set
out a new plantation is the simplest of operations. The stems
formed by the base of the leaves, are annual, and usually die
down after the exhaustive process of fruiting has been com-
pleted, new ones being produced from buds or suckers in the
root stock, which is perennial. It is by planting these buds
that the banana is propagated, and fresh plantations made.
And so exceedingly simple is this form of agriculture, that the
plant generally bears ripe fruit within ten months of the offsets
being put into the ground. As is the case with many other
useful plants, it is now difficult to trace the original country
of the banana. Botanical geography, however, forbids the
acceptance of the belief that bananas where the fruits called
"grapes" which the spies of Moses brought from the valley
of Eschol, and it is about as unlikely to have been the " for-
bidden fruit" as the Seychelles cocoa-nut was, according to
the belief of General Gordon. It is supposed to be a native
of India, and in that Empire it still forms a large part of the
people's food in the area where it grows best, and bunches of
it figure at weddings as symbols of plenty. But it is doubtful
whether it was introduced into Africa from any part of Asia.
We know that it is not indigenous to Egypt. Nevertheless, on
some ancient Egyptian sculptures we see representations
of Isis with ears of corn and the foliage of the plant in question,
and carvings have been met with which represent the hippo-
potamus destroying the banana. This species Bruce took to
be the Abyssinian one, the hippopotamus typifying the Nile,
the inundations of which have at times washed away not only
the wheat, but also the " Ensete " banana, the nutritous stems
of which were to supply its place. It is also the recorded
opinion of Emin Pacha that all the varieties of Central Africa
bananas are cultivated forms of the inedible Abyssinian species,
which have gradually spread southward, or have been carried
by the Gallas or other northern tribes on the invading expedi-
tions which have given Wahumu Kings to so many of the
countries in the vicinity of the Great Lakes. Be this as it may
■ — and the cattle and fowls which are found in every African
village are equal mysteries — it is certain that from a time
beyond which the memory of man runneth not the banana has
been the fruit of a large portion of Africa just as it is of a
large area of South America, and bids fair to become the staple
produce of the hotter parts of the United States.
The Humming Bird. -53
STRANGE PHENOMENON in CALIFORNIA.
FORMATION OF AN INLAND SFA.
A geological phenomenon of considerable importance has
appeared in San Diego County, in the extreme south of
California. It consists in the almost sudden formation of an
inland sea. On Saturday a trickling of water was observed
to damp the ground around the Salton Salt Works, and now
it has expanded into a lake ten miles square, and from three
to eight feet deep. Then at Indian Wells, sixty miles south
of Salton, another new sea, forty miles square and from three
to five feet deep, has been formed. It appears possible that
these bodies of water may unite, and form a lake fifty miles
long and four hundred feet deep. Indian runners have been
employed to go round the rising waters, and as they have failed
to find any surface inlet, a boat has been provisioned for a week,
andstartedtoexploreand try todiscover the connection with the
Colorado River, whence the water is believed to come, whether
above ground or by a subterranean communication. The so-
called Colorado Desert, lying to the east of the new lake,
resembles the bed of a dead sea. It has an area of three
thousand miles, and lies two hundred and seventy feet below
the ocean level. Shells and other marine deposits abound.
Engineers have often planned to make this area fertile by
irrigation, after the manner of the Valley of the Nile, which
would add two million acres to the State, but all their efforts
so far have been in vain. The Southern Pacific Railway
crosses the Colorado River at several places 160 feet above
the ocean. For twelve miles near Yuma (Arizona City) only
a loose, water-sodden ridge, nine feet high and a mile wide,
separates the district from the Salton Sink. All the district
appears now to be reverting to the condition described in Indian
tradition. The stoppage of several artesian wells conflicts
with the theory of a subterranean ocean, having a current
running inland.
54 The Humming Bird.
WASTE PRODUCTS MADE USEFUL,
In the North American Review for November there is a
very interesting article by Lord Playfair under the above title,
says The West Indian and Commercial Advertiser, from
which we take the following extract : —
THE UTILIZATION OF RATS.
Of all living things rats seem to be among the most
repulsive; and when dead what can be their use? But even
they are the subjects of production in industrial arts. In
Paris there is a pond surrounded by walls into which all dead
carcasses are thrown. A large colony of rats has been intro-
duced from the catacombs. The rats are most useful in
clearing the flesh from the bones, leaving a clean-polished
skeleton fitted for the makers of phosphorous. At the base
of the wall numerous shallow holes are scooped out just
sufficient to contain the body of the rats, but not of their
tails. Every three months a great battue takes place, during
which the terrified rats run into the holes. Persons go round
and catching the extended tails, pitch the rats into bags, and
they are killed at leisure. Then begins manufacture. The
fur is valuable and finds a ready sale. The skins make a
superior glove — the gant de rat — and are especially used for
the thumbs of kid gloves because the skin of the rat is strong
and elastic. The thigh bones were formerly valued as tooth
picks for clubs but are now out of fashion ; while the tendons
and bones are boiled up to make the gelatine wrappers for
bonbons.
HOW TO PRESERVE ANIMALS.
In Scientific American, Mr. Wiese gives the following
receipt for the preservation of bodies in their natural form and
colour : — " Dissolve 600 grammes hyposulfit of soda in five
quarts of water, and seventy-five grammes of chlorine of
ammonium in 250 grammes of water. Mix both solutions,
and add six c uarts of spirit of wine. Put all bodies of
animals in this liquid, and they will keep their form and
colours during an unlimited period.
The Humming Bird. 55
THE ENGLISH GRASS SNAKE.
Snakes have always had a peculiar fascination for me.
When at school I generally used to carry one or two in my
jacket pocket, from which they would often escape, causing the
greatest surprise and consternation among my friends. I re-
memberonefellow,who although very tame, was anadeptatseiz-
ing the slightest opportunity of obtaining his liberty. Hewould
be lost for weeks, and then turn up in a neighbouring house,
perhaps five or six doors away. The whole street used to look
for his more or less welcome visits, and when he did arrive,
would send for me to take him away.
I have found the grass snake (Tropidonotus natrix) , to
be rather common in the country lying to the north of London,
and have even caught one within the four mile radius from
CharingCross. That, however, was elevenyearsago. Theequip-
ment of a snake hunter is very simple, consisting of a linen
bag to contain his captures, or it may be as well to take two,
so as to be able to separate very young snakes from the others.
The only other article required is a stick, forked at the end
like a Y; it should be about the length of an ordinary
walking stick.
On meeting a snake, you thrust at it with the forked end
of the stick, in such a way that a prong enters the ground on
each side of its body, pinning the reptile to the earth, when
one can examine it in safety in order to see whether it is a viper
or not. Of course, care must be taken not to use too much
force, or the snake will be injured, and to further lessen the
danger of this it is a good plan to attach a strip of india-
rubber to the ends of the prongs ; this will deaden the force
of the blow.
For the benefit of the novice I will mention a few of the
most important characteristics which distinguish the innocuous
grass snake from the poisonous viper. By far the most
striking difference, one which can be seen at a glance, is the
broad yellow mark or collar behind the head of the former,
which is absent in the viper. This collar is very deep in
colour in young specimens, becoming paler with age, until it
is almost white in very old snakes. There is a second collar,
which is black, behind the yellow one. This mark is quite
sufficient of itself to distinguish the two species, and can easily
be seen when the snake is pinned to the earth by the forked
stick.
The viper has a broad zigzag stripe down the back, while
56 The Humming Bird.
the common snake has only a few black spots ; in the latter
also, the scales have a keel or ridge, those of the viper being
smooth. The general appearance of the two reptiles is very
different, the viper being comparatively short and stumpy,
with the. base of the head much wider than that of its non-
poisonous relative. The latter is perfectly harmless, and,
although I have caught numbers of them, I have never known
one to even attempt to bite. In any case their teeth are much
too small to do any harm, and can scarcely be felt with the
finger. Needless to say, their tongue, which the)/ constantly
protrude, is quite incapable of hurting anyone. I was once
bitten, however, by a snake belonging to the same genus, but
of a different species (Tropidonotus tesselatus) , from the
south of Europe. He was a most savage, intractable fellow,
always hissing loudly whenever approached. After he had
been in my possession some little time, he managed to make
his escape, and, not being heard of for two or three weeks, was
given up as lost. One day a gentleman living three or four-
doors round the corner came to tell me that there was a snake
on a ledge at the back of his house, and to ask if it belonged
to me. The information gave me great pleasure, which,
strangely enough, did not appear to be shared by the occupier
of the house. I quickly went with him, when he pointed out
the snake, which was coiled up and basking in the sun. I got
on the ledge and seized him, when to my great surprise he bit
me three times in rapid succession, each bite leaving a double
row of little holes in the fleshy part of my hand. The
punctures bled freely, but knowing that the snake was not
venomous I did not feel any alarm, although I thought it
advisable to have the wounds touched with caustic, as the
reptile's mouth might not have been clean. This snake had
much stronger teeth than the English species ; I do not believe
that those ol the latter would draw blood, even if they tried
to bite, which, as I said before, I have never known them to
do. There is another European species, the Vipérine snake
(T. viperinus) , which is very interesting, and becomes very
tame. It is smaller than T. natrix, and, as its name implies,
bears a considerable resemblance in shape to a viper, but is
perfectly harmless.
Now a few words regarding the best localities for meeting
with the Grass Snake. They are essentially water-lovers, and
therefore the vicinity of ponds and ditches is the best place to
explore for them. They are probably more common in damp,
clayey parts of the country than on sandy heaths and commons.
The Humming Bird. 57
The viper, on the contrary, is usually found in the latter
localities. All my captures have been made in situations of
the former description, where there was little or no fear of
meeting with the viper, so that I have usually dispensed with
the forked stick, and have seized the reptiles with my hands.
This is a surer means of capture, as, if the first thrust with
the stick misses, the snake will probably escape. We will
suppose that the snake-hunter has arrived at a likely spot, such
as a meadow with a hedge and ditch running round it, and
with a pond in it. He should slowly and noiselessly walk by
the side of the ditch, carefully examining the banks as he goes,
for that is where the snakes usually lie, basking in the sun.
He is more likely to hear them before he sees them, as they
are very quick to take alarm, and glide away under the hedge or
down disused burrows of rabbits and field-mice with incredible
swiftness.
If, however, they have just had a meal they are very
sluggish, even remaining coiled up until seized. When cap-
tured in this condition they often disgorge their prey, which
generally consists of frogs ; these they swallow alive, and I
have often caught snakes which had just swallowed their
victims, the latter on being disgorged, hopping about as
though nothing had happened.
If there is water in the ditch, the collector should keep
an eye on that also, as snakes swim very rapidly and without
noise. When one is captured, it should be transferred to the
linen bag, which should then be carefully and strongly tied ;
if the day is very hot, it is advisable to occasionally dip the
bag in water whenever a pond is passed. After the hedge-
banks have been thoroughly explored and examined, attention
should be turned to the pond. This latter should be very
cautiously approached, or the snakes may dive into the water,
under which they can remain for a considerable time. It took
me about half-an-hour one day last summer to capture a
beautiful little snake six or seven inches long. It swam across
the pond twice, finally climbing into the branches of a bush
which overhung the water. Here w T as a dilemma. If I had
made the least sound it would have glided into the water, so I
had to crawl on hands and knees, moving scarcely an inch at
a time, until within reach of the bush, when I seized the reptile
just as he made a dart for the water, nearly diving head-first
into the latter myself.
It sometimes happens that two or more snakes are found
together ; in that case things get exciting. On one occasion
2
58 The Humming Bird.
I was walking by a hedgerow in company with a friend, who
was not a snake-lover, when I saw what seemed to be a most
enormous snake on the bank ; on catching it, it turned out to
be not one, but three snakes, two of which were fully four feet
long. Not having come out with the intention of snake-
hunting, I had no bag, but as I had caught two small snakes
just before, I had then improvised a bag with a pocket hand-
kerchief. But it was quite another thing to get the last three
into it, for it was no easy matter to hold the struggling reptiles
in one hand and to untie the handkerchief with the other.
My friend had speedily retreated to a safe distance as soon as
he saw the wriggling, hissing cluster of snakes in my hand,,
and it was with the greatest difficulty that I persuaded him to
help me make them secure. But when the handkerchief was
untied, the two snakes already in it darted out in different
directions and almost escaped ; a most exciting five minutes
followed, for as soon as 1 got one into the bag another would
get out, but eventually they were all safely tied up.
When a snake is first captured it is apt to frighten a
novice, for it hisses and struggles in a most alarming manner.
A favourite trick of theirs is to sham death ; when they find
that they cannot escape from their captor, they will lie limp
and motionless in his hands, with the tongue hanging out
and the mouth open. But if laid upon the ground they will
instantly recover, and dart off into the undergrowth.
The best cage for snakes is undoubtedly a fern-case, the
larger the better ; but still, almost any kind of box with a
glass top or front, and plenty of ventilation, will answer the
purpose. Everything should be made as natural as possible
with growing grass, ferns, &c. A receptacle for water should
be placed in the cage, for the grass snake dearly loves that
element, and will lie in it for hours together. A piece of
virgin cork is a good thing to put in for the reptile to hide
under, and when it wants to change it skin, will be useful for
it to rub against. Their favourite food consists of young
frogs, or, in the case of large snakes, even full-grown ones ;
they must be given to them alive, for they will not touch
them when dead. I have never known them to eat toads in
captivity, although I once caught a snake which shortly after-
wards disgorged a young toad, which was apparently none
the worse for its adventure. But as toads secrete an acrid
fluid, which causes most animals to drop them as soon as-
taken in the mouth, the above must have been a very unusual
occurrence.
The Humming Bird. 59
No alarm need be felt if a snake refuses to eat, for they
can go without food for a wonderful length of time, but they
must always have clean water in the cage. One objection to
them is their excessively unpleasant odour when first caught,
but they lose this after a few days of captivity, especially if
handled frequently. At first they are very nervous, hissing
and struggling whenever taken up, but they get tame in an
incredibly short space of time. Particular care should be
taken to keep their cage securely fastened, as they are very
quick to perceive the least opportunity of escape, and are by
no means easy to discover when they once get loose in a house.
Very young snakes should not be placed with larger ones, as
the latter will not hesitate to devour them.
Those who do not feel that antipathy to these reptiles,
which is so common among people who are not properly
acquainted with them, will find the time and trouble spent on
them amply repaid, especially if they go into the country and
study their habits in a state of nature as well as in captivity.
W. F. H. Rosenberg.
THE GREAT LAKES.
A MYSTERY UNVEILED.
" Discovered," in a scientific sense, the Great Lakes of
Africa undoubtedly have been during the latter half of this
century ; " discovered " in the popular acceptation of the term
they certainly were more than four centuries since. If we
turn to the old maps of Africa, dating back 400 years, a surprise
will await us. For there, rudely drawn no doubt, and not very
correctly placed, though more accurately than was the greater
portion of Africa until recently, are large inland waters which
it is not difficult to recognise as the Victoria Nyanza, Tangan-
yika, or Albert Nyanza, perhaps — and possibly also the Nyassa
lake. This fact is very clearly brought out in the second
volume of that very admirable work, " The Story of Africa
and its Explorers," by Robert Brown, M.A., published, with
copious maps and illustrations, by Messrs. Cassell & Company.
A STRANGE LAND.
Aristotle and Ptolemy both alluded to the African lakes, and
the Portuguese and Arabs also brought vague rumours from the
interior of the existence of three great inland seas. But it
was reserved for Richard Burton to be the first white man to
6o The Humming Bird.
literally set eyes upon Lake Tanganyika and Mr. Brown gives
a vivid picture of the watery wilderness upon which the intrepid
traveller gazed, after a journey of terrible hardships. Croco-
diles swarmed everywhere in that district, and among the
endless superstitions of the natives were charms to prevent
these reptiles from snatching an unwary bather ; while hippo-
potami were numerous, especially at the mouths of the rivers
that feed the lake. Two snakes, the great siluris, and many
other fishes and molluscs inhabited the waters. Long-horned
buffaloes peeped in wonder at the intruders in their leafy
haunts ; antelopes were often sighted, and the fresh tracks of
elephants were more numerous than they are now, for the
eagerness of the ivory-hunters has gone far to exterminate
them.
UGANDA.
A sheik, whom Burton and Speke encountered on the
shores of Lake Tanganyika, gave them a graphic description
of the empire of Uganda, of which we hear so much nowa-
days. Burton was too ill to accompany an expedition formed
to penetrate further into the interior, so Speke, set off by him-
self. On July 30th, 1858, Speke sighted Victoria Nyanza.
" It was early morning," he tells us, in a passage that will be
often quoted in the centuries that are to come, " the distant
sea-line of the north horizon was defined in the north and
north-west points of the compass ; but even this did not afford
me any idea of the breadth of the lake, as an archipelago of
islands, each consisting of a single hill, rising to a height of
200ft. or 300ft. above the water, intersected the line of vision
to the left, while on the right the western horn of the Ukerewe
Island cut off any further view of its distant waters to the
eastward or north. A sheet of water — an elbow of the sea —
however, at the base of the low range on which I stood,
extended far to the eastward, to where in the dim distance
a hummock-like elevation of the main-land marked what I
understood to be the south and east angle of the lake."
BAKSHISH.
The travellers encountered strange races. Men and
women seem to live there in a continual condition of drunken-
ness. Native beer, a muddy beverage at best, was drunk all
day long, and it was only in the intervals between potations
that a chief could be seen or any business undertaken. But
they were always sober enough to beg, and on no occasion
did anybody pay a visit without being asked for something
The Humming Bird, 61
before he left. One would demand the iron camp-stool on
which he had been squatting, and another would open his
conversation by a request for some beads, or anything else —
they were not particular what, so long as it was portable. At
Suwarora's capital a messenger arrived from M'tesa, King of
Uganda, a personage destined to be heard of very often in
future years, but until then a strange name to the outer
world. But this ambassador though willing to take to his
master Speke's card, in the shape of a red pocket-handkerchief,
declined to accept a revolving rifle, on the plea that the King
might think it magic, and act accordingly. For the same
reason one of the officers of Suwarora refused to carry to that
sovereign a five-barrelled pistol.
A BEAUTIFUL COUNTRY.
According to the records of Speke and Grant — gathered
during the second expedition — Uganda is in parts a splendid
and fertile tract of country. One of the valleys, through which
flowed the Victoria Nyanza — a stream which, in a cooler climate,
would have been dear to the trout fisher — was clothed with
noble trees and all kinds of luxuriant vegetation. Among
these the pandana palm reared its head in addition to fine
gardens of plantains. The common weeds were large thistles
and wild indigo ; and far beyond they could see lines of what
looked like extinct cones, resembling those of Auvergne, in
France, while still further were the rich grassy mountains of
Karagwe and Kishakka.
THE SOURCES OF THE NILE.
Speke's exultation at the discovery — or the confirmation
of a discovery — he had made, is sometimes described as pre-
mature, inasmuch as we now know the Victoria Nyanza to be
only one of the Nile sources, and that other lakes contribute
their surplus waters to its flood. In reality, time has added
to instead of diminishing the importance of the Victoria
Nyanza source, for the other lakes, which were at the time of
the discovery believed to be as large as, if not larger than
it, are now known to be much smaller. It was, therefore,
with every right to be jubilant that Speke's party began their
journey down the Nile towards the sea H in five boats of five
planks each, tied together and caulked with rags," from a
point a little below the Ripon Falls, in the hope of meeting
Grant. The wanderings of other travellers are either
described by Mr. Brown or told by themselves in the succeed-
ing pages. The brief summary I have given of a couple of
62 .The Humming Bird.
chapters in this highly entertaining volume will afford some
notion of the nature and variety of its contents. A careful
perusual of the book by those interested in the Dark Continent
will tend greatly to elucidate the African problem, which has
so puzzled and disheartened many in this generation, and
which may be solved by the next. G.A.
INHABITED WORLDS.
W. A. H. (Willimantic, Conn.) (i) I s it not a fact that our
earth is the only globe in the universe inhabited by
intelligent human beings ? (2) Is it believed by those
who know best that there is an inhabited planet in our
solar system besides the earth ? fjj If so, are those
inhabitants supposed to be organized like human beings ?
(4) What arguments are adduced in favour of the theory
of the plurality of worlds.
(1) According to the best modern calculations, there are
no less than 500,000,000 of stars of various magnitudes within
the range of the best telescopes, and photography reveals an
infinitude of worlds, which baffles all attempts to be conceived
by the human mind. Our own sun, itself 1300 times larger
than our own planet, sinks into insignificance beside that
giant sun, Sirius, and the latter in its turn is dwarfed by other
luminaries in infinite space. In view of this fact it would be
mere presumption to assert that our microscopic earth — a
" grain of sand on an infinite seashore" — is the only centre of
intelligent life.
(2) The fact that most of the planets, as the stars beyond
our system, are inhabited, has been admitted by men of
science. Laplace and Herschell believed it, though they wisely
abstained from imprudent speculations, and the same conclusion
has been worked out and supported with an array of scientific
considerations by Camille Flammarion, the well-known
French astonomer. Of the long list of great thinkers who
believed in the plurality of inhabited worlds in general we
only mention the great mathematicans Leibnitz and Bernouilli;
Isaac Newton himself, as can be read in his "Optics;"
Buff on, the naturalist ; Condillace, the sceptic : Beilly, Lavator,
Bernadin de St. Pierre, Diderot, and most of the writers of
the Encyclopaedia. Following these comes Kant, the founder
of modern philosophy; the poet philosophers, Goethe, Krause,
The Humming Bird. 63
Schelling, and many astronomers, from Bode, Ferguson, and
Herschell to Lalandeand Draper, with many of their disciples
in more recent years.
(3) Many are the romances and tales, some purely fanci-
ful, others bristling with scientific knowledge, which have
attempted to imagine and describe life on other globes ; but we
always find that the new world is but the one we ourselves
live in, and its inhabitants the men of our own race, presented
either, as with Voltaire, under a miscroscope, or with de
Bergerac, a graceful play of fancy and satire. Commenting
on this tendency, Flammarion in his work " Sur la Pluralité
des Mondes Habités," says, " It seems as if to the eyes of
those authors who have written on this subject the earth were
the type of the universe, and the man of earth the type of
the inhabitants of heavens. It is, on the contrary, much
more probable that, since the nature of other planets is essen-
tially varied, and the surroundings and conditions of existence
essentially different, while the forces which preside over the
creation of beings and the substances which enter into their
mutual constitution are essentially distinct, it would follow
that our mode of existence cannot be regarded as in any way
applicable to other globes." (Page 439).
(4) The facts of physical astronomy speaks strongly in
favor of the presence of life, even organized life, in other
planets. Thus, in four meteorites which fell, respectively, at
Alais, in France, the Cape of Good Hope, in Hungary, and
again in France, there was found on analysis, graphite, a form
of carbon known to be invariably associated with organic life
on this earth of ours. In one meteorite which fell at Argueil,
in the south of France, in 1857, there was found w T ater and
turf, the latter being always formed by decomposition of
vegetable substances. Flammarion show's, in addition, that
all the conditions of life — even as w r e know it — are present on
some at least of the planets, and points to the fact that these
conditions must be much more favourable on them than they
are on our earth. Thus, Venus, like Mercury, has a very
dense atmosphere, as also has Mars ; and the snows which
cover their poles, the clouds which hide their surface, the
geographical configuration of their seas and continents, the
variation of seasons and climates, are all closely anologous to
those of our earth.
The three conclusions which M. C. Flammarion formulates
as vigorous, and exact deductions from the known facts and
laws of science are calculated to convince the sceptical mind
64 The Humming Bird.
of the plurality of inhabited worlds : — I. The various forces
which were active in the beginning of evolution gave birth to
a great variety of beings on the several worlds, both in the
organic and inorganic kingdoms. II. The animated beings
were constituted from the first according to forms and
organisms in co-relation with the physiological state of each
inhabited globe. III. The humanities of other worlds differ
from us, as much in their inner organization as in their exter-
nal physical type. — The World.
EL COCO.
El cultivo del coco en Jamaica es objeto de estudios muy
curiosos. Se distinguen las varias clases por la forma y ta-
mano de la nuez asî como por el grueso de la corteza y el
grueso de la pulpa. El llamado Curasao es una nuez grande
con corteza dura y mucha carne. El maddén es muy
pequeno, crece en largos racimos, y mientras que el Curasao
rara vez tiene mas, de 6 6 7 cocos en el racimo, ultimamente se
exhibiô uno de Maddén que contenîa 29 cocos. El curaso
produce la mayor cantidad de aceite, 6 sea 12 botellas cada
cien cocos. Cuando el coco retona, se coloca en la tierra por
su parte mas plana, y debe estar tan inclinado, que la lèche 6
el agua penetren y el retono crezca mas pronto. Mientras
mas ligero se trasplante el retono (siendo la estaciôn favor-
able), mas fuerte sera la planta. La mejor època para esto,
es el principio de Octubre. Cuando se hace una siembra, la
tierra debe ser desyerbada toda, pues el ârbol no requière
sombra. El suelo debe ser gredoso, hûmedo y bien desaguado.
La distancia entre ârboles debe ser media cadena, aunque pue-
den plantarse hasta a 40 pies, especialmente si la tierra es muy
humeda, porque entonces el sol pasa entre las ramas cuando
los ârboles estân crecidos y caliente el piso. Al trasplantar la
nuez, se entierra hasta el borde, dejândola al nivel del suelo,
luégo se limpia con la azada el terreno en una circunferencia
de 3 a 5 pies. Mientras crece la mata, puede sembrarse yer-
bas de guinea en el terreno, dejando un espacio de cinco pies
al rededor de cada planta. La experienciaha demostrado que
lo mejor es dejar quieta la mata y que crezca como ella quiera,
sin cortarle alguna rama.
La planta comienza a producir a los 7 anos. General-
The Humming Bird. 65
mente se deja que el coco caiga por si solo, y se recoge cada
uno 6 dos dîas, para llevarlo al depôsito. La mayor parte de
los cocos embarcados en Jamaica van para America y Canada,
aunque una gran cantidad se embarca para Inglaterra y para
el Continente. Cuando se mandan para el primero de los
paîses nombrados, las frutas vienen peladas, mientras que para
Europa se envîan sin pelar. El precio se calcula por término
medio en 2 centavos cada fruta. Algunos hacendados, en vez
de exportar su producciôn, prefieren extraerle el aceite, lo
cual se hace por un método sumamente sencillo. Después de
pelado el coco se parte, y se acerca al fuego para que la carne
se sépare de la câscara ; entonces se lava aquélla sin necesidad
de quitarle lacorteza negra que le queda al salir de la câscara,
y luégo se raya la carne, se coloca en una cuba, se le echa agua
hirviendo, y por ultimo, se cuela el todo. Cuando el agua se
enfria, el asiento sobrenada, se recoge fâcilmente y se deja
enfriar, con lo cual queda listo para ir al mercado. El aceite
se vende a 12 centavos la media botella. Se trata hoy de
introducir en Jamaica, manufactura de manteca do coco. — (El
Porvenir) .
MANY-EYED MONSTER.
ALTHOUGH A GREAT ANNOYANCE THEY SERVE
A PURPOSE.
The question where flies come from is asked many times
during the summer. It is always a mystery to the woman who
has her house well screened how even one of these little pests
can get in.
The parents of a good many of them were probably
housed a year before, when, in the autumn, vigilance was
relaxed and perhaps a door or window left unguarded.
With the instinct with which nature has provided them
they crept in the warm house into cracks not perceptible, and
there they hibernated. There, too, they lay their eggs, 177 to
each fly, thus looking out for the propagation of the race ;
and so, when the first warm days come they surprise us by
buzzing away on the windows or around the table.
In the meantime the eggs are hatching and by a fly-time"
they come forth in swarms.
Sometimes in the dead of winter a fly will appear,
beguiled from his resting place by the deceptive warmth of
66 The Humming Bird.
the furnace-heated house. He seems a harbinger of spring
and perhaps one may be inclined to pet it a little. Don't do
it. Kill it and thus put an end to a prospective future
generation of flies. They are natural scavengers. Their
purpose in life is to consume various substances which are
thrown off from the human body, by articles of food and by
almost every animal and vegetable production when in a state
of change. The substances are given out in such small
quantities that are imperceptible to common observers and
not removable by ordinary methods of cleanliness, even in the
best kept room.
When a fly persists in crawling over one's face it is
merely taking care of the particles of dead matter thrown off
through the pores and thus helps to keep the complexion
clean. So it is really doing good while it annoys.
As a common fly has about 4,000 eyes it is no wonder it
is so hard to catch, or that it evades the blows aimed at it. —
Boston Herald.
THE TELESCOPE AND THE
MICROSCOPE.
It was the telescope, said Dr. Chalmers, in his splendid
astronomical discoveries, that enabled us to realize in some
degree, the vastness of the universe. But about the time of
its invention another instrument was formed which rewarded
the inquisitive spirit of man with a scene no less wonderful.
This was the microscope. The one led me to see a system in
every star ; the other shows me a world in every atom. The
one taught me that this mighty globe, with the whole burden
of its people and its contents, is but a grain of sand on the
field of immensity. The other teaches me that every grain of
sand may harbor within it the tribes and families of a busy
population. The one tells me of the insignificance of the
world I tread upon. The other redeems it from all insignific-
ance, for it tells me that in the leaves of the forest and in the
flowers of every garden, and in the waters of every rivulet,
there are worlds teeming with life and numberless as are the
glories of the firmament." So it is plain that if the observa-
tion of the starry universe suggests the thought that God's
kingdom is too great to justify the belief that we are noticed
The Humming Bird. 67
and cared for by Him, the observation of any portion of His
works, however minute, indicates that there is nothing too
small for my constant and superintending care. If science
makes faith in God's care difficult, science also offers to faith
the most abundant aid. It shows that while His power rolls
through space the millions of worlds He has created, at the
same time He feeds the ravens when they cry, and clothes every
lily with its beauty, and numbers even the hairs of our heads
and the leaves that clothe the forest with their verdure and
beauty.
MISTAKES ABOUT ALCOHOL.
There is a common belief that alcohol gives new strength
and energy after fatigue sets in. The sensation of fatigue is
one of the safety valves of our machine ; to stifle the feeling
of fatigue, in order to do more work, is like closing the safety
valve so the boiler may be over heated and explosion result.
It is commonly thought that alcoholic drinks aid digestion, but
in reality the contrary would appear to be the case, for it has
been proved that a meal without alcohol is more quickly
followed by hunger than a meal with alcohol. In connection
with the sanitation of armies thousands of experiments upon
large bodies of men have been made, and have led to the
rusult that, in peace or war, in every climate — in heat, cold or
rain — soldiers are better able to endure the fatigue of the
most exhausting marches when they are not allowed any
alcohol at all. That mental exertions of all kinds are better
undergone without alcohol is generally admitted by most
people who have made the trial. It appears certain that from
70 to 80 per cent, of crime, 80 to 90 per cent, of all poverty
and from 10 to 40 per cent, of the suicides in most civilized
countries are to be ascribed to alcohol. — Westminster Review.
COTTON SEED OIL.
The uses to which cotton seed oil is put appear to be
manifold and a trade is now being opened for the carriage of
the oil in bulk by means of tank Steamers. In an article on
the subject an expert states that the cotton seed oil is made into
the finest Holland butter, that it is taken to Limburg, and goes to
America again in the form of the famous cheese ; that it goes
to Switzerland, and returns as Xeuchatel cheese ; and that it
is taken as far south in Europe as Italy, from which country it
again crosses the Atlantic, transformed into pure olive oil. He
68
The Humming Bird.
also declared that the cotton seed oil was a healthful food
product, and held that the trade was likely to increase so
rapidly that other tankers would be put into it. The oil is
brought to New Orleans, from all parts of the States, especially
from Texas ; it is pumped from the cars into the refinery, and
from the refinery into the tankers. When it reaches Rotterdam
it is pumped into tank cars, which are distributed throughout
Europe. — St. Thomas Tidende.
GENERA AVIUM.
Mr. Boucard begs to inform his scientific Friends and
Correspondents, that he is preparing the manuscript of a
GENERA AVIUM, and being very anxious that the said work
should be as complete and as perfect as possible, he will con-
sider it a great favour, if any of his Correspondents can pro-
cure him some of the Genera mentioned in the adjoining
list :—
PSITTACIDAE.
Cyanopsittacus
Pachynus
Geopsittacus
Capitonidae.
Erythrobucco
Smilorhis
Stactolacma
BUCCONIDAE.
Micromonacha
Hapaloptila
CUCULIDAE.
Pachycoccyx
Cercococcyx
Mesocalius
Microdynamis
Ramphomantis
Hyetornis
Rhynococcys
Dryococcyx
Neomorphus
MUSOPHAGIDAE.
Gymnoschizorhis
Trogonidae.
Euptilotis
Alcedinidae.
Ceycopsis
Myioceyx
Meropidae.
Dicrocercus
BUCEROTIDAE.
Bucorax
Dichoceros
Aceros
Anorrhinus
Berenicornis
Rhinoplax
PlCIDAE.
Geocolaptes
Xenopicus
Dendrocoptes
Thripias
Sapheopipo
Verreauxia
BOUCARD, A., Works by:—
Guide pour récolter préparer kt expédier
des Objets d'Histoire Naturelle, Brochure
in 8vo., 32 pages, Rennes, 1871 1/-
The same in Spanish ... ... ... ... ... 1/-
Notes sur quelques Trochilidés, Brochure
grand, in 8vo., 16 pages, Lyon, 1873 ... ... 1/6
Hand-rook of Natural History, 2nd Edition,
Vol, in 8vo., 234 pages, profusely illustrated
with Woodcuts, London, 1874 4/-
Coloured Diagrams of Natural History, 2nd
Edition, 20 sheets, i8in. by 24m., comprising 166
Diagrams of typical animals and plants, natural
size, and 37 natural typical specimens of woods,
and minerals, all neatly mounted on strong card-
board 40/-
The same, varnished 45/-
NOTES SUR LES TROCHILIDÉS DU MEXIQUE,
Brochure grand in 8vo., 16 pages, Lyon, 1875 ... 1/6
Monographic List of the Coleoptera of the
genus PLUSIOTIS, with descriptions of
several new species. Pamphlet, in 8vo, with
coloured plate, illustrating five new species ... 4/-
The same, with black plate ... ... .. 2/6
Catalogues Avium hucusque descriptorum, i
Vol. in 8vo., cloth, 352 pages, 2546 genera, and
11,031 species recorded. London, 1876. A useful
book for Museums and Ornithologists. Price
reduced to ... ... .. ... .. 10/-
The same, with French preface ... .. .. 10/-
The same, interleaved with blank sheets of paper,
French or English preface ... ... ... 12/-
Noteson Pharomacruscostaricensis. Pamphlet
4to, 8 pages. Brighton, 1877 ... ... ... 4/-
On Birds collected in Costa Rica, by Mr.
Adolphe Boucard. Pamphlet in 8vo, 72 pages,
with coloured plate of Zonotrichia Volcani.
Boucard, London, 1878 ... ... .. 4/-
The same, with black plate ... ... ... 2/6
Notes on some Coleoptera of the genus
PLUSIOTIS, with descriptions of three
NEW SPECIES FROM MEXICO AND CENTRAL
America. Pamphlet in 8vo, 4 pages, with
coloured plates, illustrating fine species, P.
RODRIGUEZI, BADENI, BOUCARDI, MNISZECKT,
and prasina ... ... .. ... -.. 4/-
The same, with black plate ... ... ... 2/6
Notes sur les objets exposés par la Ré-
publique de Guatemala et par M. Adolphe
Boucard à l'Exposition universelle de
Paris, 1878, Brochure in 8vo, 32 pages. Paris, 1878 1/-
Liste des Oireaux récottés au Guatemala en
1877, par M. Adolphe Boucard, Brochure
grand,tin 8vo, 48 pages. Lyon, 1878 ... ... 2/6
Descriptions of two supposed new species
of South American Birds. Pamphlet, in 8vo.,
with coloured plate, figuring Chiromachacris
coronata. Boucard, London, 1879 ... ... 2/-
The same, with black plate ... .. ... 1/-
Description d'une espèce nouvelle de Pseu-
doeolaptes de Costa Rica. Paris, 1880 ... 6d.
Descriptions de deux espèces nouvelles de
Cicindélides de Panama. Paris, 1880 ... 6d.
On a Collection of Birds from Yucatan
(Mexico), with notes by Mr. Osbert Salvin,
f.r.s. Pamphlet, in 8vo., 30 pages. London, 1883 2/6
Notice biographique sur Francois Sumichrast,
Naturaliste Voyageur, Brochure in 8vo., avec
portrait. Paris, 1884 ... ... ... ... 2/-
VlSITE AUX RUINES DE XOCHICALCO (MEXIQUE).
Paris. 1887 ... .. ... ... ... 1/-
Catalogue des Objets exposes par la Rè-
puplique de Guatemala et par M. Adolphe
Boucard à l'Exposition universelle de
Paris, 1889 .. ... ... ... .. 1/-
Catalogue des Oiseaux de la Collection
Riocour. Paris, 1889 ... .. ... 1/-
THE HUMMING BIRD. A Monthly Scien-
tific, Artistic, and Industrial Review.
Vol.1. London, 1891 ... ... ... .. 10/-
ConteiHs of Vol. I.
Preface — What is to be seen everywhere in London—
The McKinlev Bill—The Panama Canal — Notes on the
Genus Pharomacrus — An easy way of making £100 a
a year — Reports on Public Sales of Feathers and Bird
Skins — Rapport sur la Vente publique, de plumes et
d'Oiseaux à Londres, Décembre, i8<jo — The Museum
of la Plata, and my idea of a typical and practical
Museum of Natural History — Reports on Public Sales
of Postage Stamps — Notes on rare species of Humming
Birds, and Descriptions of several supposed new species
— Second International Ornithological Congress —
Answers to Correspondents— Description of a supposed
new species of Parrot in Boucard's Museum— Notes on
the Crowned Superb Warbler (Malurus coronattis (Gould)
— A Visit to the Gardens of Zoological Society of Lon-
don — British Museum (Zoological Department) — Royal
Aquarium — Books and Journals received — Obituary —
Description of a supposed new species of Paradise bird
in Boucard's Museum — The Pilgrim Locust — Descrip-
tion of a supposed new species of Tanager — Notes on
the great Bower Bird {Chlamydodera nuchalis, Jard) —
Collections made in Thibet and Central Asia — A Visit to
the British Museum (Natural History Department) —
The Plantain or Banana Plant — Inauguration of the
statue of Pierre Belon, the Naturalist — A Giant
Land Crab — Review of new Scientific Books — Report
on the Public Sale of the celebrated Collection of Shells,
formed by the late Sir David Barclay, and sold at
Steven's on Monday, the 6th of July, and following days
— Recommendations for the prevention of damage by
some common Insects of the Farm, the Orchard, and
the Garden — La Vie champêtre. La Destruction de la
Larve du Hanneton {Meîolontha vulgaris) — Crocodile,
Snake, and Fish skins for industrial purposes — World's
Columbian Exposition, Bâtiment de l'Administation.
The same, Vol. II. London, 1892 ... ... 10/-
ContentsofVol.il.
Description of a supposed new Species of Humming Birds,
in Boucard's Museum — The World's Fair, Inter-
national Exposition of Chicago — Review of New
Scientific Books — Notes on the Rare Pheasant,
Rheinardius ocellatus — Books received — Celebrated
Gallery of Old Masters, of the late General Marquess
de Garbarino— Customs Tariff of Great Britain and
Ireland — Obituary — Biographical Notes on Henry
Walter Bates, F.R.S. , etc. (with portrait) — American
Pearls — Fish from Volcanoes— A very large Tree — A
Curious Rat Catcher — List of Birds collected, by Mr.
Hardy at Porto-Real, Brazil, with description of one
supposed New Species — Description of a supposed New
Species of the genus Manticora, " Cicindelidse," from
Damara Land, South Africa — Description d'une espèce
nouvelle de Diptère parasite de Costa Rica, Ornithom-
yia geniculata — The Completion of the Panama Canal
— A complete list, up to date, of the Humming Birds
found in Columbia, with descriptions of several supposed
New Species — Christopher Columbus — Festivities and
Exhibitions, held in honour of Christopher Columbus in
America, Spain, Italy and France — America — Le Canal
de Panama — International Exhibition in Monaco — A
new Emission of Postage Stamps.
REVIEW OF NEW PUBLICATIONS, comprising:—
Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithso-
nian Institution, 1890-1891 — Catalogue of Birds in the
British Museum, Vol. XX., 1891, Vol. XVI., 1892,
Vol. XXII., 1892— Zoological Record, Vol. XXVIII.,
1892 — Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,
1892 — The Ibis, Vol. IV., Sixth Series, 1892 — Mémoires
de la Société Zoologique de France, Vol. V., 1892 —
Memorias y Revista de la Sociedad cientifica, Antonio
Alzate, 1892— Actes de la Société scientifique du Chili.
Vol. L, 1892— The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine,
1892, etc.
OBITUARY:—
August von Pelzen— Dom Pedro d'Alcantara — M.
Alphand — Monseigneur Freppel — Armand de Quatre-
fages à". Breau — Duke of Clarence— Henry Walter
Bates- Etienne Arago — Hermann Charles Burmeister
— Carl August Dohrn — Marshal da Fonseca — Ernest
Renan — Alfred Tennyson — Xavier Marmier.
GENERA OF HUMMING BIRDS, by A. Boucard,
pages 1 to 56.
THE HUMMING BIRD. A Quarterly Scien-
tific, Artistic, and Industrial Review. Vol.
III. London, 1894 ••• •• ■•• ...10/-
Contents of Vol. III.
Panama — Grover Cleveland; the elected President of the
United States — Dercriptions of several supposed New
Species of Humming Birds, by A. Boucard — Visits to the
Zoological Gardens of London, by W. Rosenberg — Paris
International Exhibition of 1900 — World's Columbian
Exhibition — Chicago Exposition; World's Fair Notes —
Relics at the Fair — Big Prizes for Live Stock — World's
Fair Souvenirs- — Travels of a Naturalist, by A. Boucard
— Genera of Humming Birds, by A. Boucard — The
Imperial Institute — Anver's International Exhibition —
Royal Institution — Description of one supposed New
Species of Cetonia, from Syria, by A. Boucard — How
Animals are Protected Against Their Enemies, by W.
Rosenberg — Abundance of Wasps — Notes on Wasps,
by A. Boucard — The Ways of Wasps — Les Guêpes —
Rectification of Name for Semioptera gouldi — Alligators
—Destructive Insects of Victoria, by French — Interna-
tional Exhibitions — The late World's Fair— International
Exhibition of Lyon (France) — International Exhibition
of Paris, 1900 — International Exhibition of Industry,
Science and Art, in Hobart Town, (Tasmania) — Inter-
national Exhibition in San Francisco (California).
GENERA OF HUMMING BIRDS:—
Genus Oxypogon, Gould
„ Eupogonus, Muls. and Verr.
„ Lampropogon, Bon.
„ Chalcostigma, Reich.
,, Metallura, Gould
,, Avocettinus, Bon.
„ Adelomyia, Bon.
,, Urosticte, Gould
,, Augastes, Gould
„ Phlogophilus, Gould
,, Ramphomicron, Bon.
Lesbidae.
Genus Zodalia, Muls
,, Sappho, Reich.
„ Lesbia, Lesson
,, Cyanolesbia, Steg.
„ Neolesbia, Salv.
Thaluranidae.
Genus Thalurania, Gould
PAGE
.63
66
67
68
70
77
78
81
83
84
85
87
89
9i
96
99
NEW SPECIES OF BIRDS AND INSECTS—
Described in Vol. III. of the Humming Bird: —
Aves. — Trochili.
Metallura peruviana
Lesbia aequatorialis
Oreotrochilus bolivianus
Hylocharis brasiliensis
Amazilia forreri
Saucerottia wellsi
Uranbmitra whitelyi
Agyrtria speciosa
Chrysuronia buckleyi
Phaethornis garleppi
Hemistephania guianensis
Patagona peruviana
Patagona boliviana
Cyanolesbia meridana
Cyanolesbia columbiaria
Thalurania valenciana
Boucard
Gen. H. Bird
Gen. H. Bird
PAGE
6
6
7
7
7
9
9
10
60
61
97
Insecta.— tColeoptera, Cetonid/e.
Cetonia delagrangei
Cetonia syriaca ?
Boucard
PAGE
40
40
Contents of Vol. IV.
Wonderful Discovery in Colorado (Mexico) — Recent Scien-
tific and other Publications, with Notes by the Editor —
Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smith-
sonian Institution — The Hawks and Owls of the United
States in their relation to Agriculture, by A. K. Fisher
— Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum, Volume
XXL, Columbaeor Pigeons, by T, Salvadori — Catalogue
of Birds in the British Museum, Volume XXII. , The
Game Birds, by Olgilvie Grant — The Proceedings of the
Zoological Society of London, Part IV., 1892, and Parts
I., 11.", and III., 1893— Zoological Record, Vol. XXIX.,
edited by Doctor Sharp —The Ibis, Sixth Series, Vol.V.,
edited by Philip Lutley Sclater — The Ibis, Vol. VI., No.
21, edited by Philip Lutley Sclatler — Bulletin of the
British Ornithologist's Club, 1892-93 — Mémoires de la
Société Zoologique de France, Tome V., 5èm partie, et
TomeVI.,1893 — Congres International de Américanistes
Compte Rendu de la Huilieme Session tenue à Paris en
1890 — Sociedade de Geographia de Lisboa; Indices e
Catalagos, A Bibliotheca, 1893 — Revista Mensual de la
Sociedad Gautemalteca de Ciencias, 1893 — The Ento-
mologists' Monthly Magazine, 1893 — Ornithologische
Monatsberichte, edited by Dr. Ant. Reichenow, Berlin,
1893 — The Canadian Entomologist, edited by Rev. C. T.
S. Bethune, Ontario, 1893 — Twenty-third Annual Report
of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1893 — Bulletii
of the United States National Museum, Washington,
1892 — North American Fauna, No. 7, Part II. .Washing-
ton, 1893 — Anales del Instituto fiscio- geografica del
Museo de Costa Rica, Tome III., 1892 — Die Vogel dei
Insel Curacao, by Hans von Berlepsch, 1892 — The Fly-
ing Man, by the Editor — Visits to the Zoological
Society Gardens, London, by W. H. Rosenberg — Î
Nursery of Insects — Description d'une nouvelle espèce
de Coquille du Japon du genre Arca, par le Docteur
Félix Joussaume — The Use of Salt for Agricultural
Purposes, by the Editor — Are Ants of Aid to Fruit-
Growers? — Banana Culture — Strange Phenomenon ii
California, Formation of an Inland Sea — Waste Pri
rfucts made Useful — How to Preserve Animals — Thi
English Snake, by W. Rosenberg — The Great Lakes, b;
G. A. — Inhabited Worlds (The World) — El Coco — Many-
Eyed Monster — The Telescope and the Microscope-
Mistakes about Alcohol — Cotton Seed Oil — Gener;
Avium.
NEW GENERA and SPECIES of BIRDS and SHEL1
Described in Vol. IV. of The Humming Bird : —
Aves. — Trochili.
Thalurania boliviana,
Gmelinius, N.G*,
Type, GmeL Bicolor
Chlorostilbon wiedi,
Chlorostilbon panamensis,
Lawrencius, n.g.,
Type, L.cupreiceps
Shells,
Area boucardi, Joussaume, H. Bird
Boucard, Gen. H. Bird
PAGI
107
10
12'
124
173
41
Sauvetage du Panama, 4éme edition, Brochure
in 8vo., 32 pages. Tours, 1892..
Catalogue des Collections d'historie
naturelle récoltées au mexique par m.
Adolphe Boucard
Catalogue de Mammifères, Oiseaux Reptiles,
Poissons et Coquilles de la Californie,
Louisiane, Mexique et Uruguay
Catalogue de Carabiques et Colcoptères
divers, 1477 espèces ...
Catalogue d'Héteromères et de Curculio
nides, 2242 espèces
Catalogue d'Oiseaux, Reptiles et Poissons,
1157 espèces ..
Liste de Coléoptères exotiques, 2636 espèces
Liste des Coléoptères en vente chez M.
Adolphe Boucard, 7956 espèces
Liste des Oiseaux en vente chez M. Adolphe
Boucard, 4584 espèces
La série complète des huit Catalogues et Listes ...
6d.
Printed by Pardy & Son, 8, The Triangle, Bournemouth.
INTEROCEANIC CANALS. 12J
some cannon made in the Philippines were carried by this
route to the fortress of Uloa, near Vera Cruz. The fourth
is that of Uraba to the Gulf of San Miguel.
The distance between Nombre de Dios and Panama is
sixty-eight miles, that of Uraba and San Miguel seventy-five
miles ; these two are the most difficult, but handicraft is
plentiful. If it is decided to make the passage.it will be done.
Means are not wanted. The Indies, which will benefit by this
work, will supply them. For the King of Spain, who disposes
of the Indies' wealth, it is possible and easy, so much the
more so, that the object is the trade of spices.
If the passage of which I speak is made, the navigation
to Moluccas will be shortened one third, and the ships would
sail constantly in warm latitudes without leaving the domains
of the Spanish Monarchy, and without fear of meeting
enemies. Our goods would be sent to Peru and other pro-
vinces on the same ships freighted in Spain. Much expense
and trouble would be avoided : —
Herrera mentions also the same lines quoted by Gomara,
and he adds that the project of a Canal was proposed to
Charles Quint, and that it was always a subject agreeable to
speak upon, with the Emperor.
Nevertheless, neither the Emperor nor his successors ever
decided upon the digging of the Canal.
This was attributed to their firm resolution to keep the
traffic between America and the Moluccas entirely to them-
selves. Everyone knows that for more than two centuries
this traffic enriched, and gave a great importance to Spain.
What Spain never did, it is probable that the Scotch Company
would have tried to do, if they had had time. The founder,
Mr. Paterson, a very bold man, had projected to take posses-
sion of the Isthmus. To that effect, he established a Colony
of merchants and soldiers in the Isthmus. In his manifesto he
said that those who would be in possession of the Isthmus
would be masters of the universal trade. In reply to this
manifesto, Scotland contributed to equip a first expedition of
twelve hundred men, who landed in the Gulf of Darien, and
founded several localities, which they named New Caledonia
and St. Andrew, but the Spaniards soon obliged them to
abandon the country.
In 1 804, when the celebrated Baron de Humboldt returned
from his long voyage in Mexico and South America, in his
Political Essay of New Spain and in his Historical Relation
of the Voyage to Equinoctial Regions, he called the attention
13
128 NICARAGUA.
of all the World to the possibilities of digging an Interoceanic
Canal between the two Oceans. The project which he
thought best was that of the Isthmus of Cupica, but he was
not opposed to those of Panama and Nicaragua.
In 1842, he wrote to Mr. Salomon : " Twenty-five years
ago I sent you the description of a project of communication
between the two Oceans, either by the Isthmus of Panama,
the lake of Nicaragua, or the Isthmus of Cupica. It has been
discussed topographically, but nothing has been done yet."
This citation shows that these three projects were those
which he considered to be the best, leaving out entirely the
two others of Tehuantepec and that of Darien to Raspadura.
In 1827, the celebrated General Bolivar, the father of
South American Independence, who spoke with Humboldt
and was very interested in the question of the Canal, instructed
the English engineer, Mr. Lloyd, to survey the Isthmus of
Panama ; and it is probable that if the English capitalists had
been disposed to undertake the opening of a Canal at that
time, they would have been certain to obtain the most complete
co-operation from Bolivar and his successors.
Immediately after the constitution of the Central American
Confederation, the Hon. Deputy for Nicaragua, Mr. Manuel
Antonio de la Cerda, proposed to Congress to discuss the
question of the Canal, which was forthwith done and approved.
But the Guatemalan Archives relating to Nicaragua having
been destroyed, when the Mexicans entered and occupied the
capital, it was resolved to make a new survey.
This survey was made during the years 1823- 1825, and
on the 1 2th of July, 1825, the President of the Republic, Don
Manuel Jose Arce, deputed the authorisation to a private
Company for the opening of a Canal through the Isthmus of
Nicaragua. Among many propositions offered by various
Companies, two were the principals, one presented by the
engineer, Mr. John Bailly, in the name of Messrs. Barclay,
Herring, Richardson & Co., of London, the other by Mr. Carlos
Beneski in the name of Aron Palmer, of New York. The pro-
position of Mr. Beneski was accepted, but it came to nought.
In 1828, Guillaume I., King of Holland, the richest
Sovereign of Europe, and a very enterprising man, sent
General Verveer to the grand Assembly convoked in Panama
in 1825. The Central American Confederation was repre-
sented in that general Assembly by M. M. Lorrazabal and
Molina. General Verveer was so impressed with the com-
munications made by M. M. Larrazahal and Molina to him,
1NTER0CEANIC CANALS. 129
that he decided to return to Holland, and advised the King to
send a Minister to Guatemala with the special mission to
promote the undertaking of the Canal. This Minister was
General Verveer himself, who arrived in Guatemala in
March, 1829, well decided to do all what he could for the
success of this gigantic work.
But it happened that a revolution had taken place during
his absence, and General Morazan, had just been elected to
power, and was very busy in establishing his government.
A long time passed without anything being done, and it was
only on the 21st of October, 1830, that the Federal Congress
sanctioned the contract passed between General Verveer and
Guatemala.
When Central America thought that a new era of great-
ness was going to begin for their country, the French and
Belgian Revolutions took place, and in consequence every-
thing was stopped, and, after the loss of a great deal of time,
resulted in the abandonment of the undertaking.
In 1837, General Morazan thinking that it would be very
difficult to induce foreign capitalists to undertake the open-
ing of the Canal, decided to have it done by the country
itself. With that purpose, he instructed M. M. John Bailly
and José Bâtres to make a survey of the country. The
survey lasted about six years, during which a revolution
overthrew Morazan in favour of Carrera, and after all, the
survey made by M. M. Bailly and Bâtres resulted only in an
interesting publication published in 1843, m which the out-
line surveyed is fully shown by them, that of the River San
Juan del Norte, the lake of Nicaragua and San Juan del
Sur, by the river Lajas.
After the fall of Morazan, the Confederation was dis-
solved. The State of Nicaragua proclaimed its independence
in 1838. Now the matter of the Canal rested entirely with
it. Mr. Pierre Rouhaud, my friend of Granada, was
authorized to go to France and see if he could find capi-
talists willing to undertake the opening of the Canal, but he
did not succeed. Several years after in 1843, Count
Hompesch, who presided over the Belgian Company of
Santo Tomas, was also asked to take the matter in hand,
faut he had the same fate as Mr. Rouhaud. In the mean-
while, Mr. Castellon was sent to France to solicit the
protectorate of the Government of Louis Philippe.
Mr. Guizot, who had sent Mr. Napoleon Garella to survey
the Panama route did not care for the offer of Mr. Castellon,
130 NICARAGUA.
who then thought of Prince Louis Napoleon Bonaparte r
actually imprisoned in the fortress of Ham.
Mr. Castellon found in the Prince, a person well disposed
to the scheme. However, he could not get a decisive reply,
and returned to Nicaragua without anything more than a
treaty signed with a Belgian Company.
In 1846, Prince Louis Napoleon wrote that he was disposed
to accept the propositions of Mr. Castellon. In reply to that
letter, the Nicaraguan Government, sent the Paris Minister to
Ham for the signature of a treaty very favourable to the Prince.
Three months after, he was free, and immediately, a
pamphlet entitled the Canal of Nicaragua or Project of the
Junction of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, was printed
in London. In that pamphlet he gave a resume of his ideas
about the undertaking trusted to his credit and energy. His
project was to make use of the river San Juan, the lake of
Nicaragua, the lake of Managua and Realejo on the Pacific.
It was beforehand called, Canal Napoleone, but the French
revolution of 1848, which made Napoleon, President of
the French Republic, in the first place, and afterwards
Emperor of France, modified all his ideas about the Canal,
and it was again relegated for a time.
In 1849, a contract was signed between Nicaragua and
Mr. Brown, the representative of an American Company, but
nothing came of it. After Mr. Brown, came the White and
Vanderbilt Company, but Nicaragua, before signing the
agreement, asked from the American Government to be
security for that Company. Mr. Squier, the American Resi-
dent Minister in Nicaragua, who had special instructions from
his Government to obtain the concession in favour of an
American firm, guaranteed the responsibility of the United
States. Accordingly, the Vanderbilt contract was signed the
27th of August, and ratified by Congress the 25th of Sep-
tember following. The next day, the Congress ratified also
a treaty of confederacy and goodwill with the United States,
to the satisfaction of all.
• The treaty of the 27th of August was as liberal as the
preceding ones. All flags were treated alike.
Nicaragua reserved for itself the lion's share, which pro-
bably had a certain influence on the ultimate want of success.
That country had stipulated that £2,000 were to be paid
to them after the ratification, £2,000 yearly until the conclu-
sion of the Canal, and one million of shares, when emitted.
Besides, twenty per cent, during twenty years on the nett
INTEROCEANIC CANALS. 131
products, and twenty-five per cent, during the remainder of
the concession, which was for eighty-five years. The pro-
mises made by that country were to give sixty square miles
of land to the Company, with the perspective for the heirs of
the shareholders of an indemnity of fifteen per cent, during
ten years on the nett products of the Canal, if the cost did
not exceed one hundred millions, and during twenty years if
that sum had been exceeded, these sums becoming due at the
expiration of the concession.
This concession had the same fate as the preceding
ones, and was absorbed in the national catastrophe of which
Walker was the hero.
Indeed it is extraordinary to see how badly the South
American Republics understood their own interests.
Instead of helping the companies which devote their
time and capital in favour of their countries, they only think
of making a good business of it.
If they chose to follow the example given to them by
Europe and North America, by not reserving the best part
for themselves, but by helping the companies, with large
subventions, guarantee of interest, large grants of lands, and
privileges extending to a very long time, it is probable that
one of the Canals would have been opened a long time ago.
Meanwhile they remain so narrow-minded, and see only
to their immediate interests, there is little chance for the com-
pletion of such gigantic and wonderful works as those of the
Interoceanic Canals.
If Europe and North America had acted in like manner,
railways and maritime services, and all other great under-
takings, would never have been completed, and the wealth of
these countries would have remained stationary, as it is the
case with the Central and South American Republics.
If these countries really want to attain the importance,
for which they are fit, it is indispensable that the men who
govern them should change their tactics, should have
great minds, be large and generous, and think more of
the future, and not so much of the present. They cannot do
better than to follow the examples given to them, by the
Founders of their Independence, such as Bolivar, Hidalgo,
Morazan, and many others.
On the 1st of May, 1858, a treaty was signed between
Mr. Thomas Martinez, President of the Republic of
Nicaragua, Mr. Juan Rafael Mora, President of the
Republic of Costa Rica, and Mr. Felix Belly, Publicist.
132 NICARAGUA.
This treaty, containing 28 separate clauses, granted the
execution and the exploration of a maritime Canal between
the two Oceans to Mr. Joseph Belly exclusively.
The principal clauses were, that the length of the con-
cession was for 99 years, that three miles of land on each
side of the Canal were granted to the Company, that all the
mines found, should be the property of the Company, and
explored according to the laws of the country, that the two
ports in both Oceans should be free, the Canal opened to all
flags, at a minimum rate of passage, which was fixed at 8
shillings per ton and £2 8s. per each person, free passage for
ten years for the ships of the Company, no taxes whatever
on the properties of the Company for twenty years, etc., etc.
For the two Republics, it was agreed that eight per cent,
of the gross receipts should be paid and divided between them,
and that the two Republics guaranteed the Company and their
agents from all attacks, and would build a first-class light-
house on each side of the Canal, etc., etc. Although Mr.
Felix Belly, by issuing several interesting publications, and
otherwise, did all that he could to obtain the co-operation of
French capitalists, he did not succeed, and after several
attempts, and surveys, he was obliged to desist in this enter-
prise in 1 86 1.
In 1867, he published a very interesting book in two
volumes entitled, "A travers l'Amérique centrale, Le
Nicaragua et le Canal Interocéanique, in which he explains
ail the difficulties and chicanery from which he had to suffer
at the time.
After Mr. Belly, several other Companies were formed,
but they had the same fate.
Now we come to the last, known as The Maritime Canal
Company of Nicaragua, incorporated by an Act of the Senate
and House of Representatives of the United States of America,
in Congress assembled ; Approved February 20th, 1889.
The Committee of Direction was composed in 1889 of:
Hiram Hitchcock, President.
Chas. P. Daly, Vice-President.
Frederick Billings, Chairman Executive Committee.
Thos. B. Atkins, Secretary and Treasurer.
A. G. Menocal, Engineer.
Mr. Ford, Engineer, was the special Delegate of the
Company at the Paris International Exhibition of 1889.
Everyone will remember the interesting model of the
Canal exhibited in the Nicaragua Pavilion, under the special
MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA. 133
care of Mr. Ford, who was always willing to give all necessary
information to the public. Here is a copy of the prospectus
issued and distributed to the visitors at the Paris International
Exhibition.
THE NICARAGUA CANAL.
" This Maritime Canal, for the largest ships, is being
constructed through the territory of the Republic of Nicaragua.
In part it borders upon the Republic of Costa Rica. It
traverses the lowest depression of land in the Cordillera,
between the Arctic Ocean and Cape Horn. This depression
is occupied by a large inland sea of fresh water, called Lake
Nicaragua, and by its outlet the San Juan River. The western
border of the lake is within twelve miles of the Pacific Coast,
from which it is separated by a low divide of forty-two feet.
The surface of the Lake is one hundred and ten feet above
the level of the sea. The lake drains towards the Atlantic
into the Carribean Sea, through the San Juan River. This
great natural feature is to be utilized in the proposed Canal.
The lake is one hundred miles long, has an average width of
forty-five miles, and a variable depth, reaching in some places
one hundred and fifty feet. The San Juan River is already
navigable for river and lake craft throughout most of its
length.
The details of work to be done are, roughly, a
breakwater at Greytown, on the Carribean Sea, dredging
thence to the westward ten miles through alluvial ground,
then a lock of thirty-one feet lift. At two miles beyond, there
will be a second lock, or double lock of the combined lift of
seventy-five feet, and a dam across the small stream Deseado,
above which will be a basin affording four-and-a-half miles of
free navigation in the valleys of two small rivers, the San
Francisco and the Machado. Here the water will be raised
by dams and embankments, and the basins will connect
directly with the San Juan River, above a large dam across
that river, which will raise the surface level in the river and
lake and secure additional free navigation of sixty-four-and-a-
half miles in the river, and fifty-six-and-a-half miles across the
lake. On the western side of the lake the Canal enters a cut
of slight depth in the earth and rock, nine miles long, issuing
thence into the Tola basin, with five-and-a-half miles of free
navigation, obtained by damming the small stream, the Rio
Grande. At this dam a series of locks lowers the level
eighty-five feet, and the Canal proceeds in excavation down
134 NIGARACUA.
the valley of the Rio Grande, a distance of two miles, to the
last lock, a tidal lock of twenty to thirty feet lift, below which
the Canal enters the upper portion of the harbour of Brito,
one-and-a-half miles from the Pacific Ocean.
The location of the Canal is the result of thorough and
minute examination of the region which it traverses, and of
due consideration of recent surveys.
The total length of the route from Ocean to Ocean is one
hundred and seventy miles, divided as follows : —
Canal in excavation, east side ... 16 miles
Canal in excavation, west side ... n^ miles
Six Locks ... ... ... \ mile
Total .. ... ... 28 miles
Basin of Deseado ... ... 4J miles
Basin of San Francisco ... ... 11J miles
Basin of Tola ... ... ... 5Ï miles
Total navigation in basin 21 miles
Free navigation in River San Juan 64J miles
Free navigation in Lake Nicaragua 56^ miles
Total free navigation ... 121 miles
Total from Atlantic to Pacific 170 miles
With the exception of the rock cuts in the eastern and
western divides, the Canal in excavation will be at all points
wide enough for two ships to travel in opposite directions.
Through the basins and in the lake and River San Juan
vessels can pass each other and navigate with entire freedom.
The traffic of the Canal will be limited only by the time
required to pass a lock. On the basis of 45 minutes as the
time consumed in the operation, and that but one vessel will
pass in each lockage, the number of vessels which may pass
through the Canal in one day is calculated at 32 or in one
year, 11,680, which based on the average tonnage of vessels
going through the Suez Canal, will give an annual capacity
for traffic of over 20,000,000 tons. The locks, however, are
650 feet long and 70 feet wide in the chamber, and two
vessels, each of 2,000 tons displacement can be passed in
one lockage, thus materially increasing the estimated
capacity. The minimum depth of water throughout the
Canal will be 30 feet.
MARITIME CANAL COMPANY OF NICARAGUA. 135
The lowest flow of the lake in the dry season is 11,390
cubic feet per second. Its average discharge is 14,724 cu^ic
feet per second, or in one day 1,272,530,600 cubic feet.
The water required for 32 lockages in one day is 127,400,000
cubic feet : consequently the lake supply alone is ten times
the maximum wanted for the operations of the Canal.
The time consumed in passing from Ocean to Ocean by
steamers, is estimated at 28 hours, which includes one hour
and twenty minutes for possible detentions in narrow cuts."
To this day, the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua,
has made many surveys, and I think that excavations have
been commenced at several places, but the result has been
of little importance.
On the 21st of February, 1891, there was a debate in
the Senate at Washington on the Nicaragua Canal Bill.
Some Senators spoke in favour, others against, and the
Senate ultimately adjourned without having come to any
decision regarding the Bill.
It was estimated that the Canal could be made at a cost
of 100,000,000 dollars, or £25,000,000 ; but in my Journal
the Hmnming Bird, Vol. 1, page 30, I say that I am not of
that opinion, and that the opening of the Nicaragua Canal
will cost just as much as that of the Panama Canal and
probably more.
I am still of the same opinion.
In 1892, their was another debate in the Senate at
Washington about the Nicaragua Canal Bill. The pro-
moters asked from the Government of the United States to
guarantee a minimum interest of three per cent, I believe, on
all the capital subscribed, during the completion of the work,
but again the Senate adjourned without having come to any
decision.
I do not know what will be the next move ; but I am
always of the same opinion as already expressed in the
Humming Bird, that one day or another, not far distant,
not only the Nicaragua Canal will be opened ; but also the
Panama Canal. In a very short time the opening of both
of them will be an absolute necessity, and both will rank
amongst the most magnificent and most remunerative works
of the Twentieth Century.
From the beginning, I have been in favour of the
Nicaragua Canal, and in the Geogrophical Congress of Paris,
1878, at which I assisted as a Member of the Congress and
as the Delegate of the Republic of Guatemala, I supported
136 NICARAGUA.
the opening of the Nicaragua Canal, in preference to that of
Panama ; but it was not so much because I considered the
difficulties of the undertaking to be less, but more especially
for philanthropic purposes, my belief being that loss of life
would be less in Nicaragua than in Panama, in consequence
of the better resources of Nicaragua with regard to all the
commodities of life.
Having resided in both countries, I was able to form an
opinion on the subject, and I regretted very much at the time,
that the majority of the Delegates of the International Con-
gress held in Paris in 1879, did not vote for that route. But
as I said in the Hum?ning Bird, January, 1892, and in other
notices which I wrote on the Panama Canal, now that this
last one is already half done, it would be better to complete
the Panama Canal first, and to begin the Nicaragua Canal
soon after the opening of the former, because twenty or
thirty years hence, I doubt whether even if the two Canals
will be adequate to the traffic of that time.
Furthermore, it is absolutely necessary that all nations
should leave behind all idea of monopoly on these routes and
abandon their keen competition about it. Such enterprises
must be quite international, the work of all the nations
grouped together hand in hand, and contributing, each one,
according to its means, to the realization of this gigantic and
admirable work of men, which once opened will be a great
factor to the future and greatness of the world at large.
It is also imperative that the Republics of Colombia,
Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, should renounce entirely to
their exigencies. The members of the Governments of
these countries must give all facilities and help the Com-
panies in every way. They must think of the great future
of their countries, which depend greatly on the success of
these grand undertakings.
I conclude with that part of the message of President
Harrison about Nicaragua, sent and read in the Congress
of the United States on the 6th of December, 1892,
and with that of President Cleveland read at the opening
of the Session of 1893.
THE NICARAGUA CANAL.
"The President then repeats with great earnestness
his recommendation that prompt and adequate support should
be given to the American company engaged in constructing
the Nicaragua Canal. It is, in his opinion, impossible to
MARITIME CANAL COMPANY' OF NICARAGUA. 137
overstate the value of this enterprise from every standpoint,
and he hopes that there may be time even in the present
Congress to give it an impetus which will ensure the early
completion of the work and secure to the United States
their proper relations to the enterprise when it is com-
pleted."
In the message presented by President Cleveland to
Congress on the 4th of December, 1893, there is a passage
concerning the Nicaragua Canal, which seems to indicate
that the American Government is willing to give a helping
hand to the Promoters of the Nicaragua Canal Company.
If the measures proposed by President Cleveland pass, there
are some probabilities that the completion of the Nicaragua
Canal may take place before that of the Panama.
I hope that this news will stimulate somewhat all persons
interested in the Panama Canal, and that means will be soon
found permitting to continue the works, so as to be able to
complete and open the two Canals at the same time, the one
being the completion of the other.
138 GRANADA.
CHAPTER XIII.
GRANADA.
Departure from Granada — The Lake — River San Juan — San Juan del
Norte — Sailing from San Juan del Norte — At Sea — Arrival in New
York — New York in 1853- 1854 — International Exhibition of New
York — Adelina Patti — Natural History of New York — Humming
Birds — The English Sparrow — Population — Climate — Industry
Commerce.
EFORE leaving Granada, I may say a few words about
its inhabitants. I found them always sociable and
sympathetic to strangers. Once admitted in a family, you
could depend on a hearty welcome, and soon was considered
as one of the family. Distractions being scarce, it was the
custom to make frequent visits one to another, principally at
night. Chocolate and cigarettes were usually offered to the
guests in the course of these visits. It is there that I saw, for
the first time, ladies smoking cigarettes. Among the people,
who were a mixture of Indians and Negroes, with all their
half-breeds, women used to smoke cigars.
One of the most extraordinary objects which attracted
my attention during the passage of a religious procession was
to see Jesus Christ represented black. The majority of the
inhabitants being of that colour, hence the probable reason of
such a thing.
On the 1 8th of May, 1853, I embarked in a large boat
waiting for me on the lake. Excepting a small covering of
palm leaves, erected at the back part of the boat, it was open
on all sides. It was crammed with goods, forming an elevated
floor. On each side was a large board on which the water-
men walked, when pushing the boat with palancas (long
poles). The boat was manoeuvred by ten rowers and one at
the helm, all of them black and totally naked.
On that day, they only rowed to some small islands close
by, where they usually make their provisions of plantains,
which is their principal and sometimes sole food.
The plantations were in the midst of the primeval forests
which cover these islands. It was a grand sight, quite
GARAPATAS. 1 39
animated by an extraordinary number of birds and mammals
— chiefly parrots and monkeys. We saw many howling mon-
keys, and killed two of them.
But in doing so, I was invaded by thousands of
garapatas, an insect classified among the Arachnidae, or
spiders. They were of two sorts, one brownish very large,
and another reddish, so minute that it could hardly be seen.
I got rid of the large ones easily, but I was not so fortunate
with the others, so that with the mosquitoes which were very
numerous, I passed one of the most wretched nights possible.
These garapatas are flat, and introduce themselves in
all parts of your body, incrusting their mandibles in your
flesh, and remain there until they are fully grown. Then
they leave, but meanwhile they literally devour you, causing
all the time an insupportable itching.
I did not get entirely free of them until on board of the
steamer on which I embarked for New York.
The men went on land and made themselves happy,
drinking spirits.
I did not see them until the next day at twelve, and it
was half-past two when we really started on our voyage.
For a time we sailed amongst the islands. It was a scene of
the most magnificent beauty. Animal life was exuberant.
Birds, monkeys, crocodiles, fishes, could be seen in plenty
on all sides. Showers were frequent but short. Our men
were so lazy, that when unfortunately there was no wind, we
scarcely advanced at all. We kept close to the shore, and
we stopped every day at breakfast and dinner time. After
dinner they remained for hours basking in the sun.
On the fifth day, one of them fell ill, and we were obliged
to leave him in a small village. Another, with a bad leg,
was also left there. Now the eight remaining, did not want
to go on, and refused to move. It was only after having lost
one day, and paid them £2 extra, that I induced them to go
as far as the Castillo, the fort of San Carlos, which com-
mands the entrances of the River San Juan and the Lake.
Besides the fort, there were scarcely thirty houses, all of them
built on the margin of the lake. It is a very picturesque
site. I landed and made a visit to the Commandant of the
fort, who was a very nice man. I told him about my men
refusing to go forward. He had the kindness to settle that
matter, and to supply me with two soldiers. From that
moment all went well. We left San Carlos at one p.m.,
the men had scarcely anything to do, the current was strong
140 NICARAGUA.
and propelled the boat at an average of three miles per
hour.
The margins of the river, for a long while, are charming.
It was a repetition of what I saw from San Juan del Sur
to la Virgen, but even more picturesque on account of the
river. For miles and miles the river flows on through
primeval forests, rich in beauty and ever changing variety.
Eye and ear are alike charmed by the luxuriant foliage of
the trees, creepers, orchids, and many other parasitical
plants.
Numerous animals give much animation to the beautiful
scenery, many coloured birds fly about, flocks of parrots
scream with all their might, monkeys of several kinds chatter
or gambol in the trees, some of them are so fearless, that they
stand quite close, looking at you when passing by. I was
very much amused with an incident which took place at the
time. So many monkeys were standing on the same branch,
that when we passed, in the hurry of their flight, the branch
broke, and nearly all of them fell in the water, but they easily
swam back on land, none the worse for their involuntary bath,
except for a piteous appearance.
Crocodiles are quite numerous, swimming lazily in the
river, scarcely showing the end of their nose above the water,
others basking in the sun on the margins of the river, not
deigning to move at our approach. They had the appearance
of fallen trunks. I had several shots at them, but without the
least effect. They scarcely moved at all. I recommend the
River San Juan to industrials in search of crocodile hides.
At a very small cost, they could establish nurseries of these
animals, and make money. Besides the crocodiles hides, they
could also gather large quantities of Iguanas, a. large species
of lizard, over one yard in length from end to end, also much
used for industrial purposes. The Iguana is a very peaceful
animal, usually seen on the branches of the trees on the
banks of rivers. They remain quite still at the same place
for hours. They are usually green or brown sprinkled with
dark spots. They are quite harmless, and can be easily
domesticated. They feed on insects ; they are oviparous and lay
a large number of soft eggs, which, when boiled, are very good
eating. They contain scarcely any albumen. The flesh is also
very good to eat, and I made many good meals with them.
Jaguar and Puma (Felis onca and concolor), Danta (Tapirus
dowi), Jabali (Dicotyles labiatus), a kind of small wild boar
Venado (Cariacus rufinus), Cotuza (Dasyprocta punctata),
DANTA OR TAPIR. 141
and a quantity of squirrels (Sciurus) inhabit the forests of the
River San Juan and were occasionally seen.
The Danta, or Tapir, is one of the most curious animals
found in Central and South America. It belongs to the order
Ungulata, or Hoofed Animals, sub order Perissodactyla,
closely allied to the Elephant and still more to the Rhinoceros.
It is an antideluvial form. The fossil species which have
been found in different parts of the world scarcely differ from
the living species known. These animals are characterized
by having the muzzle prolonged into a small mobile trunk, a
very short tail, three pairs of cutting teeth, and one pair of
small canines. They have four toes on the anterior and three
on the posterior feet. They are swamp-loving animals,
excellent swimmers and divers. The species found in
Nicaragua, Tapir us dowi, dedicated to the well-known
Captain Dow, is very closely allied to Tapirus bairdi, found
in Mexico and in Central America. It is about three-and-a-
half feet long. The skin is very thick, and covered with a
scanty coat of very short hair. The colour is uniform dark
gray. It inhabits the inmost recess of forests. It is a
powerful animal, and a good match to the Jaguar. It lives on
vegetable matter, fruits, etc. When young it is easily domes-
ticated. The flesh somewhat resembles that of the bull, and
the skin can be used for many industrial purposes.
If it were not for the mosquitoes and garapatas, a trip
along the River San Juan could be remembered as one of the
most delightful and pleasant excursion in the Tropics. Next
to the unpleasantness of these insects, there are the risks to
which you are exposed in consequence of the dangerous
currents of the river, especially at the rapids, where the river
is densely besprinkled with rocks, leaving only a narrow and
dangerous passage for boats.
Eight of these rapids have to be passed from San Car/os
to San Juan del Norte. The first, and one of the worst, lies
close to another fort, also called El Castillo, where a small
village has sprung up since the starting of the American
Company from New York to San Francisco.
When we arrived at that village, an American steamer
was there expecting the passengers from San Juan del Sur.
In consequence of these rapids the passengers have to be
transhipped here to smaller steamers, and are sometimes kept
waiting two or three days.
The Castillo is on the summit of a pyramidal hill. It
was built by the Spaniards soon after the conquest of the
142 GRANADA.
country. In 1747 it was thoroughly repaired. The site is
well selected and fully commands the river. It is the
celebrated place carried off by NELSON, in 1780, when
Commandant of the Hichinbrook. With the troopscommanded
by Colonel Poison, he attacked the Spaniards, and took
possession of the fort. The garrison made a stout and
valliant resistance, but were soon compelled to surrender.
NELSON remained there several months, and lost nearly
all his men from sickness, and he had himself a very narrow
escape. In 1781 the place was evacuated.
The outside of the fort had a good appearance, but
nearly all the inside was completely ruined, and was trans-
formed into a small forest, all available spaces being occupied
with trees and bushes. However, a small garrison occupied
part of it.
We passed successfully all the rapids, and on our way
saw many wrecks ; among them, one of the American
steamers, lost only a few days before. It was one of the two
running between El Castillo and San Juan del Norte.
About three miles from the Castillo, we passed the small
island Bertola, on which, remains of fortifications could be
seen. The fort which existed on this island was the first
taken by Nelson in 1780. On this island were buried the
English, who died from the results of the war or from sickness.
At a short distance from Bertola are the rapids of Machuca,
one of the most dangerous. It was here that the American
steamer was stranded.
The River San Juan, with its shoals of gravel, its rapids,
rocks, and its numerous islands, which in many places scarcely
leave a passage for boats or vessels, can be considered as very
dangerous, and it is always a matter of congratulation when
this voyage can be made without accident. At the end of
our second day, from San Carlos, we arrived at San Juan
del Norte. We had been twelve days on our way from
Granada, a voyage usually made in six. So I was glad to see
the end of it.
I stopped at an hotel kept by an Italian, at a cost of
eight shillings per day, for board and lodging. San Juan del
Norte, or Greytown, was at that time the centre of a great
activity in consequence of the International transit. From
twelve to twenty ships were usually anchored in the bay,
which is fine, but very badly protected from the winds.
Nevertheless, being at that time the only port on the Atlantic,
and its peculiar position as the head of a railway or a canal,.
SAN JUAN DEL NORTE. 143
it had a far greater importance than could be attributed to it
from what I saw of the town.
Since 1848, it had been occupied by an English agent,
acting and governing the country in the name of the King of
the Mosquito Indians. Two English warships remained
permanently here.
The town consisted of about two hundred houses and
huts inhabited by several hundred people of all colours, blacks
and mulattoes being the most conspicuous. Several hotels
had been recently built and shops opened, all of them kept
bv foreigners, chiefly English, American, and Italians. The
principal governmental appointments were occupied by blacks,
or mulattoes from Jamaica.
Duties are paid on all goods landed here. When I
arrived, the steamer for New York had just gone, so I was
obliged to remain two weeks in San Juan.
During that time, I made several excursions in the neigh-
bourhood ; but I collected very little, because the country is
flat, damp, and devoid of trees. The best species of birds
which I secured was a beautiful crimson and dark red tanager,
Ramphocaelus dimidiatus, which was plentiful.
At night, the moisture w T as so great, that in the morning
the soil was soaked as if it had rained hard, and it was dangerous
to start for hunting excursions before nine a.m. Showers
were frequent, and in the intervals it was very hot. When
fine, a sort of northern breeze began to blow about 4 p.m., and
lasted part of the night. It was rather enjoyable.
The connection of the Lake of Nicaragua, with the
Atlantic by the River San Juan, was discovered in 1529, and
during the last quarter of the Sixteenth Century a consider-
able commerce w r as carried on, by this route between Granada
and the Lake Nicaragua, and the cities of Nombre de Dios,
Carthagena, Havana, and Cadiz. It is probable that the
establishment of that port, and the construction of the forts
along the River San Juan were made at that time. In 1665,
after an invasion of that country by the English, the port of
San Juan w T as fortified.
At the end of May, the passengers from San Francisco
began to arrive and also those from New York, so that the
place was crowded to excess for a day or two, and on the 3rd
of June, I embarked on the fine steamer, PROMETHEUS for
New York, where I arrived on the 15th of June, after a very
fine passage. On board, I met an American whom I had
known in San Francisco as a greengrocer. In four years he
14
144 NEW YORK.
had made such a fortune in that trade, that he was able to
retire from business altogether with a very respectable income.
On our way, we stopped several hours at Habana, but I shall
leave the history of that pearl of the Islands, for another
occasion, when I visited the town and its neighbourhood.
NEW YORK.
I entered the magnificent port of New York, on the 15th
of June, 1853. Entering from the Atlantic Ocean, you cannot
be less than struck by the peculiar manner of the formation
of the bay. On each side of this admirable bay there is
a large and fertile Island. Long Island on the right, and
Staten Island, on the left. After having passed the Narrows,
where the distance between the two is narrow, the coasts
widen suddenly, and give access to a large and deep sheet of
water, which could contain easily all the vessels of the world.
This is the port of New York. This magnificent position has
greatly contributed to the rapid growth of the Imperial city.
New York itself is built on the Island of Manhattan, and
a portion of the mainland.
I remained in New York from the 15th of June, 1852, to
the 1 2th of July, 1854.
New York, the chief city of the United States is located
at the mouth of the Hudson River in the southern part of the
State of New York, and the city occupies the county of the
same name. It is bounded on the south by New York Bay,
on the west by the Hudson River, on the north by the city
of Yonkers, and on the east by the river Broux. Spuyten
Duyvil Creek and Harlem River divide the City into two un-
equal portions, and make the northern boundary of Manhattan
Island. The city is 16 miles long, and varies in width from a
few hundred yards to 4^ miles on the north part. Its area is
about 41-^ square miles or 26,500 acres, of which 12,100 are
on the mainland. Its location is both beautiful, healthful, and
very advantageous to commerce. Its large and commodious
bay, the Hudson River, navigable for 150 miles, the neigh-
bouring sea, and the diversified country about it, contribute to
its attractiveness, while its varied surface and extensive
water front conduce to its general healthfulness. Its position
in the centre of the northern part of the coast, makes it a
natural entrepôt for the Middle States. The Erie Canal and
several lines of railroads place the city within reach of the
great West, and on the East, New England joins the city.
The State and city of New Jersey fringe the opposite bank of
NEW YORK. 145
the Hudson, and along the east, the city of Brooklyn and its
neighbouring towns form a continuous city upon the eastern
side. A few years ago, was completed the gigantic and
wonderful bridge connecting Brooklyn with New York. From
the Battery, which formerly was a very fine promenade, the
view of the Bay, the Islands, Brooklyn, Staten Island, Jersey
City, and the entrance of Hudson River present one of the
most animated and beautiful pictures to be found. The upper
part of the city lies opposite the Palisades, and is remarkable
for its rural and picturesque scenery. The lower part, from the
Batterv for about three miles north, is rolling and sandy. It
then rises slightly and becomes rocky. At Central Park,
near the centre of the city now, but outside it in 1853, it rises
into broken hills, and nortrnvard along the river, the land rises
to a height of 238 feet at Washington Heights.
Above the island the land is hilly and rough. The lower
part of the city has been much altered by filling and grading,
and the original width has been materially increased by filling
in the river on both sides. The city is compactly built up to
59th street, at the southern end of Central Park, and on the
east of the park, it extends some three-and-a-half miles
further to the Harlem River. All the villages on the north
and west sides are now included in the city, which is so
rapidly spreading up that it promises to be one of the largest
and most populous in the w T orld. Indeed, few cities in the
world can vie with New York in the beauty and convenience
of its site.
The port is defended by the strong fortress of Fort
Tompkins on the west, and Fort Hamilton on the east, while
old Fort Lafayette stands in the bay a short distance from the
shore. At the confluence of the east and Hudson River is
Governor's Island, distinguished by the circular fortress on its
northern shore. Piers are numerous, the principal being the
great pier of Jersey City, where the Cunard line of steamers
lands its passengers, the Hoboken pier of the Hamburg and
German lines, and the large piers on the Hudson River,
where the Inman, White Star, Anchor, National and French
lines land their passengers.
To give an idea of the extraordinary development of
New York, I subjoin several dates which speak for themselves.
In 1653, the population was 1,120
J 753 » ,, 10,256
1800 ,, - Jt 60,000
1820 ,, „ 123,000
1 46 NEW YORK.
1840, the population was 312,000
1850 „ „ 5*5, 000
i860 „ ,, 813,000
1870 „ ,, 942,000
1880 ,, „ 1,200,000
1890 ,, ,, 1,500,000
Very likely it will be over 2,000,000 in 1900, and there are-
no reasons why it should not continue to accrue in the same
proportions, during the Twentieth Century. With Brooklyn,
Jersey City, and Hoboken, which can be considered as parts
of New York, the population exceeds 3,000,000. New York
at first spread its streets and avenues in any direction that
seemed most convenient, and the result was that the lower
and older part of the city is more or less irregular. But
when the City began to increase considerably, new streets
and avenues were laid at right angles, and improved greatly
the appearance of the City. North and South of the Island,
there exist twelve fine and long avenues extending its entire
length. Many others, although smaller, extend from West
to East. Magnificent buildings have been erected along
these avenues, and present a very imposing appearance
which is not surpassed by the finest Boulevards of the princi-
pal Capitals in Europe.
The oldest and the most important one is the well-known
Broadway y one of the finest thoroughfares in the world. It
runs from the Battery to the Eighth x\venue and the 59th
Street West. It ends at the Circle and at the Boulevard. Here
is one of the entrances to Central Park. For nearly its whole
length it is filled up with magnificent buildings and retail or
wholesale shops, some of which are splendidly got up, and
can compete with those of the Boulevards and Rivoli Street
of Paris. In fact, Broadway is the centre of everything,
Banks, Theatres, Hotels, Churches, are to be seen all along the
route. Omnibuses, tramways, and vehicles of all descriptions
a : re constantly passing by, and the animation which it gives
to that fine thoroughfare is equal at least to that of Piccadilly,
Strand, Holborn, and City in London ; but the aspect of
Broadway is infinitely better than that of these London
thoroughfares in consequence of its width, which nearly equals
that of the Paris Boulevards. The footpaths, which are wide,
are crowded with people, day and night. The shops are very
fine, the goods well exhibited, and thronged with lookers-on.
Among the many fine buildings fronting Broadway, I
shall mention the Post Office, a magnificent building, the
PRINCIPAL BUILDINGS OF NEW YORK. 147
largest of the city. It has a frontage of about 260 feet on
Broadway ; Trinity Church, opposite Wall Street. It has a
tower 284 feet high, from which visitors can enjoy a very fine
view; the American Banknote Company, at the corner of
Liberty Street; the gigantic and splendid palace of ^he
Western Union Telegraph Company, at the corner of Dey
Street; St. Paul's Chapel, built in 1766; the City Hall,
facing the south side of City Hall Park. It is a fine and
imposing building of the Italian style ; the beautiful and large
marble building of the New York Life Insurance Company,
one of the most successful institutions of that class in New
York ; the sumptuous hotels of San Nicholas and Metro-
politan, the first on the east, and the second on the west.
Both are first-class hotels, very large and with marble
frontages, if my remembrance is correct. I have been staying
in both. The price was twenty shillings per day, for a single
room and board, but all first class, and with a very good
service. Close by, is the Grand Central Hotel, and a host of
others, just as large and fine, but too numerous to mention
here.
Among the commercial houses, I shall mention the New
York Stock Exchange, in Broad Street, Kemp's Building,
American Watch Company Building, Lord and Taylor's
Store, Stewart's Store, an immense iron building, Dey lin and
Company Store, Sewing Machine Company, Tiffany and
Company, the well-known firm of jewellery and precious
stones, Arnold Constable and Company, the great dry goods
establishment, etc., etc. There are so many more that it is
quite impossible to mention them in such a limited work.
The Evening Post and the Staats Zeitung buildings
are also very fine, and the centre of great activity.
At 23rd Street, Broadway crosses Fifth Avenue and
skirts one side of Madison Square, which is well supplied
with trees and lawns, and one of the most attractive and
striking features of New York.
From this point, Broadway continues to the Boulevard
already mentioned. This Boulevard is a wide avenue con-
tinuing west of the city, and over the heights of the Hudson
into Westchester County.
Before reaching the Boulevard many fine hotels are met
with, the principal of w T hich, is Steven s Family Hotel, a very
large establishment, more like a palace than anything else.
Further on, is the Fifth Avenue Theatre, the Grand Hotel,
the Wood' s Museum, the Broadway Tabernacle, a very
148 NEW YORK.
imposing structure, and lastly the Circle Hotel, which ends
this remarkable thoroughfare.
Next to Broadway, the most important street is Fifth
Avenue, extending over four miles in length, and entirely
occupied with palatial private residences and hotels, among
which are the Fifth Avenue Hotel, and the Albermale Hotel,
frequented by the aristocracy. There are also many line
churches, art galleries, clubs, music halls, etc., etc. The most
wealthy families have their costly or palatial residences here.
That of Mr. A. Stewart is a large and magnificent marble
palace.
Among the other fine monuments scattered everywhere in
the city, I shall mention the Cooper Union, an Institute founded
by the late Mr. Cooper for the advancement of Science and Art;
the German Savings Bank Building, the New York College
of Physicians and Surgeons, the Hippodrome, the Grand
Ceniral Depot, the Columbia College, the Bible House, the
Masonic Temple, the Metropolitan Museum of Art at 128 west,
14th street, founded about 1874, which contains a very fine
collection of paintings, drawings, works of art, and ethnologi-
cal objects. In 1875, the Trustees of the Museum bought
the celebrated collection of Antiquities from the Island of
Cyprus, known as the Cernolia Collection, from its discover,
at a cost of $49,360.72 or ^10,000. This interesting and
magnificent Collection was in London in 1873- 1874. The
well-known firm of M. M. Feuardent and Company had it
exhibited at that time in their house in Great Russell-street,
W.C., where I saw it. Afterwards during a visit that I made
in New York in 1876, I had the pleasure to see it again in
tjie Metropolitan Museum, where they made a grand show.
My friend, the late Mr. Bland, a celebrated Conchiologist, who
was for many years Assistant Secretary to the Museum, and
who had assisted in the arrangement of the collection took me
there, and I spent several agreeable hours in admiring again
these beautiful statuettes, heads, vases, etc., quite unique in
their way.
If I remember well, the British Museum had the first
refusal of this Collection, and I have always wondered why
it had not purchased it. Lastly comes the Menagerie, and
the Natural History Museum of New York in Central Park ;
the great pleasure ground of New York. Lately, great
progress have been made in the Menagerie and in the
Museum, and both are taking a front rank amongst the
Zoological Gardens and Museums of America. Since the
CENTRAL PARK. 149
purchase of the well-known collections of bird skins, made
by M. M. Elliot and Lawrence, this department is acquiring
a great reputation among Scientists, and no place could be
more convenient than its present location in the magnificent
grounds of Central Park. The site of this park, which on
my first visit to New York, was one of my hunting grounds
for collecting Insects, occupies now nearly the centre of the
city, so it is easy to have an idea of its extension on that
side since 1853.
It is impossible to give a full description of all its
beauties ; but I remember that in my last visit, in 1877, k
was one of my daily excursions, and I passed many agree-
able and useful hours in the grounds.
The length of the park is about two-and-a-half miles by
half-a-mile width. It contains about 862 acres of lawn,
garden, wood drives, footpaths, etc., with a very fine lake
and brook. It takes about half-an-hour to row round
the lake.
There are carriages running at frequent intervals round
the park. It takes about one-hour-and-a-half to make the
entire circuit, and it costs one shilling.
There are fifteen miles of carriage roads, eight miles of
bridle paths for riders, and over twenty-five miles of walk.
It is extremely picturesque, the engineers having made
good use of the rough hills and tangled woodland which
originally stood there.
By walking, all the sights are better seen, the bridges,
the belvedere, the cave, the springs, the lake, the hills, all are
worth seeing. Dairy, Restaurant and Casino have been built
inside the park, and are very well patronized, as also the
Carousel, where are swings and all sorts of amusements for
children.
One of the peculiar features of New York, which attract
more especially the attention of the European, are the railways
running parallel to the streets. They are in New York what
the Metropolitan underground railways are to London, except-
ing that the latter ones run underground, while those of New
York are constructed in the streets at the height of the first
floor. They are running frequently and always full, and
they must certainly be an annoyance to the dwellers of the
houses situated along their route.
I passed two u Fourths of July," the anniversary of the
Independence of the United States, in that country.
If not seen, it is impossible to have any idea of the
150 NEW YORK.
animation and excitement occasioned among the people by
this event. From the end of June to the 4th of July, it can
be easily seen that something unusual is going to happen.
Numerous sandwich men are seen in the streets with
circulars on their backs, informing the public where the best
flags and crackers can be bought. The sale of these goods
is fabulous during several days. On all sides are seen men
and children carrying flags, banners, and crackers. On the
3rd of July begins the decorations of houses. All the flags of
the world, but more especially that of the United States, are
displayed with such profusion that nothing else can be seen.
From one street to another not a single space remains with-
out a flag, banners cross the streets from one side to the
other. It is by hundreds of thousands that they are seen,
and the houses disappear entirely under this exuberant dis-
play of flags of all colours. The next thing is the Torch-
Light Procession, which always takes place on the night of
the third of July.
All the windows of the houses are crammed with specta-
tors, eager to see the procession, and many are those who
cannot secure a place for that purpose.
At about 10 p.m. the procession, composed of many
thousands of people, bearing torches, Chinese lanterns of all
colour and descriptions, flags, banners, etc., begin their march,
of which the itinerary is known by all, beforehand.
The procession usually lasts from twelve to one or two
in the morning, and for hours you see them pass by,
Societies with their banners and cars, Soldiers, Members of
Clubs, Citizens of all descriptions, women, children,
masks, fancy dressed people, including even repre-
sentatives of wild Indians, all of them with their bands
of music, follow one another, and all the while Bengal
fires are lighted in the corners of the streets, pistol shots
are freely fired, rockets and crackers are fired in all directions,
without caring where they go, and what mischief they may
cause. Add to that the continuous vociferations and hurrahs
of the spectators and of the members of the procession, and
you will have a feeble idea of what a Torchlight Procession is
in the United States. Europeans especially Italian and
French cannot have a better idea of what it is than by sup-
posing that they assist at a Monster Carnival, with the
addition of shots, fuses, and crackers fired at random in all
directions. How many hundred weights are fired in the
United States during the third and fourth of July every year
4TH OF JULY AND PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS. 151
would be an interesting problem to solve. Of course many
accidents always take place at these times ; but that does not
count for anything. The next celebration will be even more
animated than the preceding one.
On the 4th, the celebration is more solemn, at least in
that part of the town where the official ceremony takes place,
and to which assists the President of the Republic, the Senators
and deputies, high dignitaries, the Diplomatic body, and a
very large number of guests. There is always an address
read, a prayer said, a lecture of the Declaration of Indepen-
dence, poetry recited, speeches made, good music, and
-everything done according to programme. It is really
grand and imposing. Meanwhile the citizens continue their
monster processions through the town, shooting, firing their
guns and pistols, fuses and crackers, eat, drink, walk, con-
gratulate themselves, and make such an infernal disturbance
during the whole day and night, that those who have delicate
health must be sure to go away from the city a day or two
before, if they wish to escape madness.
The day ends with many private and official fireworks,
illuminations, Bengal fires, and the like.
In a certain way this celebration of the day of indepen-
dence is a very good thing. All men require holidays and
■changes, and what day could have been better chosen than
this, the day which made them all free.
During the elections, which take place every four years,
and lasts several weeks, processions with all sorts of flags and
banners, with their bands of music, decorations of houses, etc.,
are indulged in as on the fourth of July, with the only
•difference that sometimes two rival processions meet, and a
free fight takes place ; but of late it has seldom come to that.
As soon as the nomination of the President is made, all
is quiet again, and everyone returns to his occupation.
Although it is expected that all the offices will be given to
the supporters of the new President, it is accepted by all as
an accomplished fact without mental reservation.
The citizen who was yesterday a President, a Minister,
a Postmaster, etc., will return to his ordinary occupation, and
will be replaced by the new one.
I only wish that in Europe, in Central and in South
America, and in other parts of the world, all those who
occupy governmental offices had the same philosophy.
Fires used to be frequent enough during my stay in New
York, and have contributed to the formation of several brigades
152 NEW YORK.
of Firemen, who are always ready to reply to the call of the
fire-bell.
This useful institution consists of Volunteers, who buy,
not only their uniforms, but also the fire engines with all their
accessories, and keep them in the very best order. Some of
their engines are golden outwardly, and shine brightly.
There is a keen competition between the several brigades to
display the best horses, best engines, best of everything, and
this competition is not only seen in these displays, but also
in their splendid way of extinguishing fires.
In 1853, there were six distinct companies of firemen,
all rivals. As soon as the City Hall bell was heard, it was a
positive contest between all the firemen to be the first in
bringing their engines to the scene of the fire, and to attack
it strenuously, and generally with success.
This rivalry between the firemen in such circumstances
is a fact worth imitating in other countries. In 1853 they had
no horses, so they had to drag the fire engines on foot.
In the greatest heat of the summer, or in the bitterest
cold of the winter, you could see them always running and
dragging their machines at a prodigious speed. The only
distinction in their costume was a woollen red shirt, and a
broad, varnished tin helmet. It was a point of honour between
the various Companies to arrive first on the scene of the
fire and to extinguish the same before the others arrived.
At night, the sight of the firemen is worth seeing. Each
company is preceded by several tall fellows bearing lighted
torches. One in the middle has in his hand a large speaking
trumpet, with which he continually encourages the men by
energetic shouts of '■ Go-ahead! Go-ahead ! " which at the same
time serves as a warning to the crowd to keep the place clear.
The running of these red costumed men drawing their
engines at full speed, the lighted torches, the blowing of the
trumpet, and the vociferous cries of Fire ! Fire ! by the
crowd who run behind the firemen, the fire itself, the whole
thing has an extraordinary aspect well worth seeing.
The crowds as a rule are very well regulated, and, if
necessary, help as much as it is in their power to do ; and
as soon as the conflagration has been put out, many are
the hurrahs in favour of those who have distinguished
themselves.
If salvage of people has taken place, those who have
done these more or less heroic actions are applauded in the
most vigorous manner, and in all the morning papers their
THEATRES, COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY. 153
praises and names appear in big letters and they are the
heroes of the day.
Of course these institutions are supported by many
philanthropists, and gifts of all descriptions are occasionally
sent to them. They are very useful bodies of men, and it
is considered a great honour to belong to one of them.
Of places of amusement, there are about forty between
Theatres, Music Halls, Hippodromes and others, the princi-
pal being the Grand Opera House, Fifth Avenue, Lyceum,
Metropolitan, Olympia, Niblo's Theatres, etc. The Niblo's
Theatre is attached to the Metropolitan Hotel, so that you
can go from one to the other without going out. The last
time that I was in New York, I went there and saw a very good
comedy, entitled " Our Poor ; or the Poor of New York."
It is needless to say that Americans are very fond of
theatres, and they manage to attract in their country all the
artistic stars, which they pay liberally. Patti, Irving, and
many other artistic celebrities have made long stays in the
United States. Americans are also very fond of lectures,
and a good lecturer is certain to make a rich harvest.
One of those who has been very successful that way is
the celebrated du Chaillu, the well-known African Explorer.
They are also great readers of newspapers, and all sorts
of literary works. The large number of daily, weekly, and
monthly papers that are printed in the United States is quite
astonishing. In New York alone they exceed one hundred,
among which are the well-known Evening Post, the Daily
Express, the Daily Tribune, Daily Times, Daily Sun, and
the famous New York Herald, so well-known in Europe
since Mr. Bennett, regardless of cost, sent Stanley in Africa
with the special mission of finding the great Livingstone.
As to Commerce and Industry I shall say little, because
it is a well-known fact that that it is so enormous, that all the
other nations do not know what to do to keep their supremacy.
The Americans are so industrious, and so quick in finding the
merit and utility of new inventions, that no time is lost in the
manufacture of new machines and their application to
industry, and they will soon contend successfully with
similar articles of European make. Even at this moment
Paris and London stores are crowded with American machines
of all descriptions. As to natural products, Europe would
famish if it were not for the corn sent from that country.
Cotton, sugar, pork, meat, are amongst the principal
articles of exportation. In consequence of its great area
154 NEW YORK.
of territory comprising all the climates, from very hot, as in
Louisiana and Florida, to the extreme colds of the Northern
States, America can grow everything in its own territory,
and can dispense entirely with all the commodities of the rest
of the world. This is an immense advantage for that
country.
In New York, the summers are excessively hot, and
many are the deaths produced by sunstrokes. In winter
the cold is sometimes very hard to bear, and lasts
long ; but nevertheless, the climate may be considered as very
healthy, especially for persons who inhabit the central and
northern parts of Europe.
Its population is cosmopolitan, English, especially Irish,
German, Italian, Spanish and French, being the more con-
spicuous. In fact, we may say that the North American
belongs to a new race, formed by the mingling of nearly
all the European races, and what is very remarkable, is the
type of this new race, by which, it can be easily recognised
anywhere.
This mingling has produced a robust, active, intelligent
new race, better fit to resist the struggles of life than the
old ones.
Even the first settlers change in manners and
-character after a stay of some years in that free country.
Their children are not recognisable, and the second genera-
tion constitutes the new race. I believe that this is
due, not only to the distinct mode of living, the different
climate, but also partly to the institutions of the country,
which contribute greatly to the development of the active
faculties. The same thing is going on in Australia ; and I
am certain that is also due to the same causes. In the old
European and Asiastic countries, these modifications would
require a much longer time, which somewhat tends to prove
that without liberty, the progress and development of the
active faculties in men is slow.
The French, Italian, and Spanish usually live near one
another, the Irish are not very far off, and the Germans have
also their special quarters, so that it is very amusing, when
walking about, to hear all the principal European lang-
uages spoken there. But this lasts only for a time. It
is true that these parts of New York are always occupied by
the same representatives of these nationalities, but most of
them are new arrivals. After a time, if they remain and
marry in the country, the evolution soon takes place, and they
EMIGRANTS. 155.
become Americans. It is all these people who have made
the United States what it is, one of the first countries of
the world, and it is for that reason that I believe that it is
wrong to stop the emigration of Irish, Italians, or others as
they have done lately. You can never know if amongst these
paupers of to-day, may not be present some members who,
at a given time, will contribute to the greatness and prosperity
of their adopted country.
The United States possesses immense territories, where
hundred of millions can live easily. Therefore it would be
much more rational that the American people, some of whose
ancestors were in no better position, when they arrived in
that wonderful country, than the new emigrants, should assist in
every way in their power, with money and otherwise, all those
who emigrate to their countrv. It is a sort of merchandise which
has no market value, and when wanted, it cannot be had at
any price ; the Central and South American Republics would
give much for such a supply of voluntary emigrants in their
countries. The fact alone of having selected the United States
as the place of their migration speaks in their favour. If they
have done so, it is because of the great fame that the United
States have in Europe. They consider it as the free country
open to all.
Possibly among these pauper emigrants may be found
some bad seeds of no value to the country, but they are sure
to disappear quickly, and only useful members will remain.
In a country like the United States bad seeds cannot
prosper, the competition is too keen, and only the more active
and industrious succeed.
If I am permitted to give my humble advice to the great
country, I shall say to its inhabitants : —
Do not make any distinction between rich emigrants or
paupers who select your country as their own. Receive them
all alike and with kindness. The rich ones, help them with
your experience ; the poor ones, help them with money and
clothes. Send them to the West, grant them lands, supply
them with all the requisites necessary for them and their
families, to keep their lives and spirits in good condition, until
they can subsist by themselves. By so doing, you will benefit
them and yourselves. In due time, these families, in one way
or another, will repay you fully the kindness lavished upon
them, will become faithful American citizens, and will
contribute to the further development of your grand country.
Another advice, which I shall take the liberty to give to
156 NEW YORK.
the North Americans, and to all others who may care for it,
is that Free Trade ought to be the motto of all its inhabitants.
Excepting Spirits, Tobacco and Cards, or the like, which
ought to produce enough to defray all the expenses necessary
to the development of the country, and for maintaining
internal peace and order, all the rest ought to be FREE. Even
Justice ought to be free, the salaries of Judges, Barris-
ters, and others, paid from the revenues produced by the
three above-mentioned dutiable articles.-
Everything free, excepting those three articles, which
are luxuries, and from which all the sums required for the
administration of the Government ought to come. // is a
trial well worth making, by the great American nation.
I am perfectly certain that all those who smoke, drink, or
gamble, would submit to the change with good grace. Even
if the price of these commodities was forcibly raised, these
persons would still be benefited by it ; because if the sale of
these commodities was made by agents of the Government
they would be more certain to get a better quality for their
money, than what they get at the present moment.
There is also another American question of great
interest ; that of the Indians, the former possessors of the
soil. I think that all means ought to be taken for the
education and preservation of what remains of this interest-
ing race of people. By experience I know that these pure
Indians possess many good qualities, and if instruction was
freely given to them, it is probable that they could fill with
honour and merit the most exalted positions. Benito Juarez,
a pure Indian, born in Istlan or Villa Juarez, a small
mountainous town at about thirty miles from Oaxaca, from
pure Indian parents, can be cited as an example. Don
Porfirio Diaz, the clever President of the Republic of
Mexico, is another. Mejia, the celebrated faithful General of
Maximilian, was a pure Indian. Hundreds more of eminent
men, dead or alive could be mentioned ; but these three are
sufficient, and no reasons exist why a great many more of
them should not turn out so. Therefore, as I said before,
everything ought to be done to educate the children of these
Indians at the cost of the country, for their benefit, as well as
for that of the country.
Now I shall leave these digressions, and return to my
general subject, that of New York.
What attracted my attention in that city, was the large
number of Bar rooms which exist in all parts of the city. I
INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION OF 1854. 157
was quite surprised to see that in all these places, many-
dishes containing bread, cheese, pickles, and other articles of
food were placed on the counter.
I saw the people freely partaking of them without any
payment asked. I inquired how it was, and the reply was
that it was the general custom to do so, and that it was a lure
to excite customers to drink. Nevertheless many had the
habit to have a good lunch at a cost of a few pence, for the
glass of beer or whiskey in which they indulged at the
time, and I thought that it was not such a bad thing for
the poor.
In 1854, there was a Great International Exhibition in
New York. If I remember well, the Exhibition took place in
a fine Crystal Palace somewhere, where now stands CENTRAL
Park. I have still in my possession a water colour of
the Palace. Many times I went there. The price was
fifty cents. Being the first International Exhibition that
I saw, I w r as much delighted with the innumerable good
works of arts and industry which I saw there. The machines,
which were also very numerous, attracted my attention.
Many new ones were exhibited. One of them, a miniature
electric boat, exhibited by a Frenchman, Mr. Verges, was one
of the greatest attractions. It was exhibited in the middle of
a small artificial lake, and every day the inventor worked his
model round the lake as long as he wished. It was con-
sidered a great success, and I believe that a Company was
formed for the building of a real ship, which was done in
due time ; but the results were not quite satisfactory, and it
was abandoned. However, the idea has not been lost, and
electricity is now used as a motor for steamers and for many
other purposes. The same inventor also established some
electric baths as a remedy to nervous diseases, but it also
turned out a failure.
I visited also the Barnum Museum. At that time it was
not what it has been afterwards ; but, nevertheless, it was
very interesting. It contained a large menagerie, collections
of natural history, Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Insects, and the
like ; also a fine collection of Chinese curiosities. The price
of entrance was one shilling. Attached to the Museum was a
theatre, for which an extra fee had to be paid.
From that time to his death, Barnum, of celebrated
memory, augmented his Museum and Menagerie in a re-
markable manner, and made a large fortune. Several times
the Museum was burned ; but shortly after a new and larger
158 NEW YORK.
one was rebuilt. Everyone in London will surely remember
his visit to that city.
I also made the acquaintance in New York of the world-
renowned celebrated artist, Madame Adelina Path'. At that
time she was a charming young girl, aged twelve, and
was already known as a great pianist. She had the fresh
voice of a nightingale and was very much courted for private
concerts. Great expectations were expected from her, which
have been fully realized as everyone knows.
I had the pleasure to hear her very often, and, of course r
I appreciated and enjoyed immensely the hours spent in
her company. Later on, I have enjoyed many charming soirées
in Paris and in London, where I saw her in all her principal
characters, in the Somnambula, Marta, la Traviata, etc., etc. r
but I never forgot the happy time of our first acquaintance.
In my several visits to New York, I visited all the
Museums, I assisted to the meetings of several scientific
Societies, either at New York or in Brooklyn, and I made
the acquaintance of many good men. Professor Schaup,
Entomologist, Mr. C. Bland, Conchiologist, Mr. George
Lawrence, Ornithologist, Captain Dow, Explorer, Professor
Baird, and many others, with whom I have passed some
delightful hours.
I also made the acquaintance of many dealers in objects
of natural history, Bell, Wallace, and several others in New
York, Akhurst, in Brooklyn, Alexander in Hoboken ; and I
made some valuable purchases in bird's skins and insects in
their stores. I secured some rare species of birds from
Ecuador and British Guiana ; also some very rare Coleoptera
from Columbia.
In the vicinity of New York I collected many insects
and a few birds, among which, the beautiful humming-bird,
Trochilus colubris, a very important species so far, as being
the one on which the genus, Trochilus, of Linné, is based,
which has been employed by Naturalists for the family of
TROCHILIDAE, and which I have also employed for my order
TROCHILI, for these birds.
It is a beautiful creature, only 3^ inches in length,,
bronzy-green on the upper surface, with the chin black,,
the throat metallic ruby-red, and the rest of underpart white.
It has been put in five distinct genera, but is now universally
known as Trochilus colubris ; Red-Throated Humming
Bird, and Red-Throated Honey Sucker, in English, Rubis,
Petit Rubis, Petit Rubis de la Caroline, etc., in French Its
nests are in the neighbourhoods of New York.
ENGLISH SPARROWS. 159
In the centre of the city is Union Square, a lawn en-
closure shaded by trees. Here the great attraction was the
large number of English sparrows imported a few years before
1852. These birds have propagated so rapidly, that I think
they are considered now as a nuisance, but at that time they
were the pets of the New Yorkers, who had small wooden
boxes fixed to the trees, for their special use. In several parts
of the country I have seen similar boxes, but larger, fixed on
trees, for squirrels.
Many were the excursions that I made during my stay
in New York.
Brooklyn, usually called the City of Churches, was the
first that I visited. Ferry boats are constanty crossing from
New York to Brooklyn. It is a matter of several minutes,
and the cost is one penny. These boats are very large, the
centre is reserved for cars, carriages, and horses. Two lateral
galleries with benches run along the sides, and are reserved
for pedestrians. One of them is reserved for the special use
of ladies.
Brooklyn is a large town, which now contains over
900,000 inhabitants. In 1853 it was the meeting place of the
Irish, and I have witnessed several fights between many
thousand of them, and as many Americans.
» Many churches and cemeteries exist in Brooklyn. The
United States Navy-yards, Barracks for the Marines, and
Hospital are also situated here. It is the residence of many
merchants of the City, also of many Germans and Irish.
Numerous detached Villas, built in the English fashion, are
seen in all directions.
Prospect Park is a fine ground, well laid and much
frequented.
Another favourite place where I went fishing, was
Governor's Island, not far from the Battery. Fort Columbus,
Castle William, Fort Lafayette, and Fort Richmond are all
built on this Island, and defend the entry of the bay.
On the other side of the port, or Hudson River, are the
two large connected towns of Jersey City and Hoboken,.
which in 1853 were only small villages.
Ferry boats take you there in about twelve minutes, and
start every fifteen minutes. The fares are very cheap,
averaging one-and-a-half pennies. These annexes of the
Imperial City are increasing prodigiously, and are beautifully
laid out. They are great resorts for holiday makers. On
Sundays, the ferry boats are crowded with passengers. Many
15
IÔO NEW YORK.
other neighbouring places can be reached by these boats :
Astoria, Bay Ridge, Blackwell's Island, David's Island,
Greenpoint, Harlem, Hart's Island, Hunter's Point,
Randall's Island, Staten Island, &c, &-'c. Charming ex-
cursions can be made in all of them, and the scenery is very
picturesque, but the best of all, is to ascend Hudson River
as far as the precipitous rocks known as the Palisades. It is
a delightful trip. I remember an excursion which I made on
the river in autumn. It is impossible to describe adequately
the wonderful aspect of the trees on the margins of the river.
What a variety of colours, with their foliages, from dark preen
to gold and silver. When lighted by the sun, the aspect of
this autumn vegetation is fairy-like. The boats which ascend
the river are large, comfortable, and magnificent! v ornamented.
A very good restaurant is installed on board, and supplies
excellent dinners. Bands of music plav alternately, and
dances are improvised. In fact, they can boast of all the
comforts unimaginable for passengers, and I have never seen
the like in England or in France.
At night, the aspect of these boats ascending or descend-
ing the rivers, with all their windows brilliantly lighted, the
bands of music playing, the young folks dancing, is so
beautiful, that they leave a most pleasant and never-to-be-
forgotten impression. •
From all that precedes, it may be supposed that life is
very expensive in New York ; but it is not so. Many are the
second-rate hotels, very good of their kind, kept by French,
Italian, German, and others, where board and food can be had
from four to six shillings a day. They are much patronized
by persons of these nationalities, and are sometimes preferred
for their cooking to the most expensive.
Now, if you live in your own house you can do so, at a
moderate [.rice, provisions of all kinds being usually abundant
and cheap. You can enjoy all the luxuries of life with about
the same income as that required in Europe. Some things may
be somewhat dearer, but it must be remembered that the
wages are also higher than in Europe. A good workman will
always command wages from two to four dollars per day.
One dollar is usually paid to new or inferior workmen.
In the streets, it is impossible to distinguish a manual
workman from a lawyer, banker, merchant, or the like. All
of them dress with frock coats and chimney-pot hats, as they
are called in London.
In the offices, or yards, they don their work clothes.
INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE. l6l
When their work is clone they leave these in the offices, or
workshops, wash themselves, and put on their frock coats and
hats. I do not mean to say that there are no exceptions, but
then they are new arrivals, passengers, or vagabonds. Of
these last, many are to be seen in New York as anywhere
else ; but it is due chiefly to their idleness, and I advise all
travellers to let them alone. It is not prudent to make any
acquaintances in the street.
The aspect of the City on week-days is that of febrile
activity, resembling somewhat that of the City of London.
Everyone seems to be very busy, and running more than
walking. Even in Broadway , the traffic is so dense, that the
loungers cannot stroll about at will. Now with the men or
women offering their ware for sale, the cries of the news-
paper boys, the clerks hurrying on their errands, and not
caring whom they jostle, it seems as if you were in a City
inhabited by madmen, and if you do not keep your eves wide
open, a knock-down, or the loss of some objects of value will
be probably your fate.
IÔ2 NORTH AMERICA.
CHAPTER XIV.
Is America part of the Atlantis of the Ancients ? — The first
European Discoverers of that Continent — Prophecy of Tasso
of the Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus —
European Expeditions in North America — Discovery of Labrador
by Sebastien Cabot — John Verrazani, the first Discoverer of
North Carolina and the harbours of New York and Newport —
Discovery of Virginia by Captain Philip Amidas and Arthur
Barlow, acting for Sir Walter Raleigh — Colonization of North
America by the English.
S|§S America part of the Continent known by the Ancients
glfl as Atlantis, or is it a separate Continent? To that
question it is impossible to reply satisfactorily, and it is also
very difficult to say if America is a very old Continent, or was
formed later on, than the one we know, as Europe, Asia, and
Africa. But many geological facts tend to prove that if
America is not entitled to be called the Old Continent, it is
unquestionably as old as the other one, and the name of new
Continent can only be applied to it, with the meaning, that
its discovery is relatively new to Europeans, Asiatics, and
Africans.
Many are the probabilities that the actual America formed
part of the Atlantis, or was at least very close to it, and that
communications existed between the two.
Many are the suppositions that have been made about
that wonderful part of the World.
The Reverend Father Charlevoix thinks that Noé himself
landed in America. Old Spanish authors were of opinion that
the fleet, which brought a rich cargo of gold to Palestine in
the year 996 before Christ, had come direct from the Island
of Santo Domingo, the same island that Christopher Colon
discovered in 1592, and which he thought was the Ophir OF
Solomon.
Seneca himself, one of the great philosophers among
the Ancients, in one of his writings, made the following
remarkable prediction : —
Venient annis.
Saecula seris, quibus Oceanus.
Vincula rerum laxet et ingens.
Pateat tellus, Typhisque novos.
Detegat orbes nee sit terris.
Ultima Thule. . . . (Medea).
FIRST DISCOVERERS OF AMERICA. 163
" One day will come, after many centuries, when the
Ocean, breaking its bonds, Typhis will show to men a new
universe, then Thule will be no more the last land found in
the West. . . ." m
What a singularity that the name Thule, cited by Seneca,
should coincide so well with the celebrated Tullan, or Tula,
founded by the great Quetzacoatl of the Mexicans, and
adored by them as a god after his death. If Seneca meant
Iceland, by Thule, which is always the traduction given of it,
it is not less singular that the Islanders have also been con-
sidered as the first European discoverers and settlers of North
America, and what is more natural that they should have been
the builders of that celebrated city of Tullan, or Tula. Now
the Chinese also claim to be the discoverers of America. One
of their historians, Vossius, mentions the fact in his writings.
Nothing more easy, when we consider that they knew the
compass 150 years before our Era.
Then, if we come to epochs nearer to us, we have positive
dates about the voyages made to several parts of North
America by Leif, son of Erick the Red. This was at the
beginning of the eleventh century. He and his brothers dis-
covered several countries, which they named Helluland,
Markland, and V inland.
The widow of Thornstein, the third son of Erick the Red,
married a rich Iceland merchant, and went with him to
V inland in 1007.
In 1 1 12, Erick Upsi, was nominated Bishop of Iceland,
Greenland, and Vinland.
Up to 1347, constant communications existed between
these countries, but in consequence of the cholera, which
reduced the population of Norway from two millions to three
hundred thousand inhabitants, the emmigration to the new
countries ceased entirely, and the communications between
them stopped ; but the tradition of these lands was faithfully
kept by the Norvegians, as mentioned in the Saga OF
King Olaus.
In 1570, Madok, Prince of Wales, son of the King Owen
Guyneth, after the death of his father, threw up his share of
succession, made several voyages of discovery, and landed
in America. He established a colony at ACAZUMIL, supposed
to be situated somewhere in the north of America.
In 1390, according to Matthias Quadius and Antonio
Maginus, two historians of the epoch, Antonio Zeno, a
patrician of Venetia, is said to have landed in that part of
1 64 NORTH AMERICA.
America known as Labrador. It was inhabited by people
who traded with Greenland and Iceland. They sowed corn
and made beer. There is a tradition that they had some
knowledge of the latine tongue, and that several books in
that language were found in the library of one of their kings.
The Basques and Bretons have also been considered as
frequenters of North America at about the same time.
Now, I quote under, the following stanzas of TASSO, in
which, speaking of Hercules, he prophesies the discovery of
America by Christobal Colon : —
Non oso di tentar l'alto Oceano
Segno le mete en troppo breve chiostri,
U ardir ristrinse dell ingegno umano,
Tempo verra che fian d'Ecole i segni
Favola vile ai naviganti industri
Un nom delta Liguria, avra ardimento
All incognito cor so esporsi in prima.
Tasso xv. 25, 30-31.
It is impossible to name Christobal Colon more ex-
plicitly than this.
In August, 1492, Christobal Colon embarked at Palos
(Spain), and on the 12th of September of that year discovered
Hayti, one of the islands of the Antillae.
That great discovery, which revolutionized the world,
was considered of such importance that Spain, Portugal,
France, England, Holland, and other countries sent numerous
expeditions to the Continent discovered by Colon, and called
New World.
Cabot, Vespuci, Pinzon, Nino, Cortereal, Hogeda,
Nicuesa, Ancisus, Colmenares, Pedrarias Davila,
Nunez, Fernandez, Caizedo, Morantes, Igniguez,
Grifalva, Ponce de Leon, Magaglian, Cortez, Al-
varado, Quartier, Gutierrez, Pizarro, Almagro,
Ribald, Forbisher, Drake, Candish, Smith, Raleigh,
Mahu, Cordes, Hudson, Spilbergen, Corneliszon,
Lemaire, l'Hermite, Schapenham, Brewer, and many
others, explored AMERICA, and contributed greatly to our
knowledge of that Continent.
Among all these distinguished travellers, SEBASTIEN
CABOT is the one mentioned by all authors as the first who
landed on the coast of Labrador (North America), on the
24th June, 1497 ! but ft must always be remembered that
Lief Erickson visited that land five hundred years before.
The claim of England to her North American possessions
FIRST DISCOVERERS OF AMERICA. 165
is founded upon Cabot's discoveries. These discoveries of
Cabot induced the King of Portugal to send an expedition
of discovery to America. The command was given to
GASPAR CORTEREAL, from the Azores. This was in 1500.
Cortereal explored the coast of Labrador. From a second
voyage, which he made in 1501, he never returned.
In 1508, a mariner of Dieppe, Aubert, sailed to Newfound-
land and brought home with him a native of thai country,
who was presented at the Court of France.
In 1524, John Verrazani was sent to America by
Francois 1er. He reached the shores of North Carolina, and
coasted north to the latitude of fifty degrees, exploring on
his way the harbours of New YORK and NEWPORT. THERE-
FORE HE MUST BE CONSIDERED AS THE FIRST DISCOVERER
OF THAT PART OF AMERICA.
In 1534, Jacques Cartier, or Quartier, explored the
coast of Newfoundland. In 1535, he entered the gulf of
St. Lawrence, and he may be considered as the DISCOVERER
OF CANADA ; but the first that made an effective settlement
in that country was SAMUEL CHAMPLAIN.
The settlement of Nova Scotia was made by Mr. DE
MONTS, who founded Port Royal. The first expedition to
Florida was made by PONCE DE LEON, in 15 12. He was
appointed by the Emperor, Governor of that country.
After him, Perez DE ORTUBIA, VASQUEZ DE AYLLON,
Pamphilo de Narvaez, Alvaro Nunez, Ferdinand de
SOTO, and Tristran DE Luna, also visited Florida. They
fought many battles with the Indians, and sustained con-
siderable losses, resulting in the abandonment of the country
for a considerable period, during which the French made
repeated attempts to form settlements on the western coast.
Ribault built the fort of Carolina on the site of Port Royal,
and found the Indians peaceful and ready to help him. Under
the reign of the Spanish KiNC, Philipp IL, Pedro Malendez
de Avila was sent to dispute the possession of Florida to the
French. He commanded a fleet of eleven vessels and 2600
men. He sailed from Cadix the 29th of June, 1565, and
succeeded in recapturing Florida.
The Spaniards were then the only occupants of American
soil, but the English had not abandoned their claim, founded
on the discovery of Cabot.
In the reign of HENRY VIII. , Mr. Robert Thome, a
Bristol merchant, left the Thames on the 20th of May, 1527,
but nothing came out of that expedition.
l66 NORTH AMERICA.
In 1536, another gentleman named Hore was not more
successful.
In 1553, Sir Hugh Willoughby , commanding three ships,
sailed for America, but with the exception of the ship com-
manded by the pilot, Richard Chancellor, they all perished
miserably from the effects of cold and hunger on a barren and
uninhabited part of Lapland.
Richard Chancellor was more fortunate, and reached
Archangel, from whence he went to Moscow, in Russia, and
returned to England.
Forbisher was the next who sailed on the 1 ith of July,
1576, and reached Labrador, where one of his seamen
discovered gold accidentally, and was the means of inciting
the Government and private individuals to undertake new
voyages of discoveries.
Forbisher undertook several voyages, more in search of
gold than for making new discoveries ; but he did not
succeed. Later on, he accompanied Drake in his expedition
to America and round the world.
In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed with five ships,
and reached Newfoundland on the 30th of July. On entering
St. John, in the Queen's name, he took possession of the
harbour and two hundred leagues each way, and he established
a sort of colony there. Then he proceeded on a voyage of
discovery to the south ; but he never reached England again.
Near the Azores his small frigate, the Squirrel, and all
within, were swallowed up by the sea, and never more
heard of.
In 1584, Sir Walter Raleigh, a relative of Sir Humphrey,
procured the renewal of the patents conferred to Sir
Humphrey by Queen Elizabeth, and sent out two ships,
commanded by Captains Philip Amidas and Arthur Barlow,
for the purpose of discovery. They discovered a new land,
on the coast of Florida, which was named Virginia, in
honour of Queen ELIZABETH, and a colony was established
there, but nothing came of it.
The next attempt at colonization was made by Captain
Gilbert in 1602. He reached the northern part of Massachusets.
He continued southwards and came to a promontory, which
he named Cape Cod. More south, he arrived at a point which
he called Gilbert's Point, and he discovered an Island which
he named Elizabeth' s Island, in which he built a house and
a fort, leaving twenty men there ; but they soon abandoned
the place and returned to England.
EUROPEAN EXPEDITIONS IN NORTH AMERICA. 167
In 1605, the Earl of Southampton and Lord
Arundel equipped a ship and sent her to New England,
under the command of Captain George Weymouth. He
explored the coast from the Penobscot to the Hudson. Not
far from the mouth of the latter river, he entered a good
harbour, which was called Pentecost Harbour. He then
returned to England.
The colonization of North America by the English com-
menced in the beginning of the seventeenth century, under
the reign of James I. Hakluyt, Sir Ferdinand Gorges, Sir
John Pop ham, and Captain John Smith, were all, and at the
same time, directing their efforts to the same object. They
united together, inviting others to join them in petitioning the
King for a patent to raise a Company for the settlement of
colonies in Virginia.
...
This petition was favourably received, and on the 10th
of April, 1606, letters patent were issued, granting them all
the territories in America lying on the sea coast between the
34th and 45th degrees of latitude. The patentees were
divided into two companies, the southern comprising Londoners,
and the northern composed of adventurers from Plymouth
and Bristol.
The London Company fitted three small vessels, under
the command of Captain C. Newport, who sailed on the 19th
of December, 1606. The squadron, after four months' voyage,
w T as driven into Chesapeake Bay. Here he discovered and
named Cape Henry. After coasting about for some time,
they entered a river, called by the natives Powhatan. They
made a settlement there, which they called Jamestown, in
honour of their King. This town is the oldest English settle-
ment in America.
Captain Smith, one of the adventurers, a member of the
Council of Administration, and whose name will ever be
associated with the establishment of civilized society in
America, descended from a respectable family of Lincolnshire,
and was wealthy. Entering upon the direction of affairs
he fortified Jamestown. Supplies being cut off from England,
and the savages refusing to supply them with more, he put
himself at the head of a company of his people and advanced
into the country. By his affability to the well disposed
tribes, and by repelling vigorously the others, he obtained
abundant supplies for the colony. But in the midst of his
success he was made prisoner, and would have been executed
by the Indians if it had not been for Pocahontas, the King's
l68 NORTH AMERICA.
favourite daughter, who threw her arms round the prisoner
and declared she would save him or die with him. Smith
was released and returned to Jamestown.
After a certain time spent in discoveries and visits in
every inlet and bay, on both sides of the Chesapeake, from
Cape Charles to the river Susquehannah, he came back,
bringing an ample and accurate account of his researches, and
a map which has been the groundwork of all posterior ones.
By his liberality, wisdom, and courage, Smith inspired
the Indians with the most exalted opinion of himself and of
his country.
Subsequently, he received a dangerous wound from the
explosion of some gunpowder, which obliged him to proceed
to England for surgical aid, and he never returned to
Virginia ; but the honour of having been the true leader
w r ho planted the Anglo-Saxon race in North America rests
with him.
From .1610 to 1756, the colony continued to grow,
favoured by several circumstances, as the increasing use of
tobacco in Europe, its remoteness from the Spanish and
French settlements in Florida, and in Canada, and its central
position, which protected it from savage incursions. The
soil being fertile, the natural productions, both animal and
vegetable, being abundant, and the means of existence easy,
the people enjoyed unusual prosperity. The same can be
said of the English settlements of Maryland, Maine, New
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Providence and Rhode
Islands, Connecticut, etc.
169
CHAPTER XV.
First Settlements in New York by the Dutch — Wars between the Dutch
and the English — Old Description of New Netherland and
New Amsterdam — Of the Country and its Natives — Inhabitants
— Their Customs — Vegetable and Animal Life — Mineral Ore —
Definitive Occupation of New Netherland and New Amsterdam
by the English — War of Independence — Treaty of Peace signed
by the English and the North Americans — Declaration of
Independence of the United States — George Washington
elected President of the United States.
J HE first who entered the harbour of New York was
lH John Verrezani, in 1524, as I mentioned before. In
1609, Henry Hudson, an Englishman, in the service of the
Dutch East India Company, sailed from the Texel in the
frigate, Half Moon, with instructions to seek for a passage
from America to China. He landed first at Newfoundland,
and from that place, he continued southward and arrived at a
great river (the Hudson of to-day), which he ascended to a
good distance. On its banks, he met some men robed with
buffalo skins. From there, he returned safelv to Amsterdam.
The narrative of his expedition determined many Dutch
merchants to prepare several expeditions, with the object of
establishing firm settlements in that part of America, for
which purpose they obtained letters patent in 16 14, granted
to them by the States in the Hague : — That they might only
traffic to New Netherland, as the place was called by the
Dutch Government. In that same year a colony was sent
and a fort was erected on the western bank of the river, near
Albany, and its government was entrusted to Henry
Christaens. This feeble settlement was scarcelv established
when Sir Samuel Argal, Governor of Virginia, came to
dispute them possession of the land. And although they
pleaded that they had bought all Hudson's rights and interests
in the country, as well as all his maps, they obliged the Dutch
Governor to surrender his command, and pay a tribute to
the government of Virginia. The States of Holland, fearing
to offend a new and powerful ally, submitted to those terms
for a while ; but soon after, a new governor, Jacob Elkin, was
170 SETTLEMENTS OF THE DUTCH IN NEW YORK.
sent, and from that time, they not only failed to pay the
promised tribute, but constructed a second fort on Long
Island, and subsequently two others, one on the Connecticut
River, the other at Nassau. They also built the town of
New Amsterdam, and for a series of years, being unmolested,
they increased in number, and by the exertion of their
peculiar national virtues of patience and industry, they
subdued all the difficulties inherent to the making of a new
colony.
In 1620, the States of Holland established the West
India Company, and committed to it the administration of
New Netherland. This determination was carried out the
following year, and under the management of the Company
the new settlement was soon both consolidated and extended.
Their capital was New Amsterdam, built on Manhattan
Island.
The extent of territory claimed by the Dutch, as has
been represented by some of their own writers, was from
Virginia to Connecticut. Whatever might have been its
titular extent, the planters hastened to enlarge their occupa-
tions far beyond their immediate use, and by their intrusions
into the Delaware and Connecticut countries, laid the founda-
tion of their future disputes with the colonists of these parts.
Complaints having been made to KlNG CHARLES, by his
Ambassador, he represented to the States to disown the
whole business, and to declare that it was only a private
undertaking. Whereupon a Commission was granted to Sir
George Calvert to take possession and plant the southern
parts, lying towards Virginia, by the name of Maryland, and
to Sir Edmund Loyden to plant and do the same with the
northern parts by the name of Nova Albion, which makes the
Dutch, for the second time, willing to compound, and for the
sum of two thousand and five hundred pounds sterling they
offered to go away and leave all their chattels.
But in consequence of the troubles which began and
continued for a time in England, they not only rescinded their
first proposition but made higher demands.
In May, 1664, after the Restoration, the King con-
sidering that the territory called New Netherland belonged
rightfully to England, designed four Commissioners, COLONEL
Richard Nichols, SirRobert Carr, George Cartwright,
and Samuel Mawrick, to settle that affair. They had three
ships of war to effect their purpose. First they landed at
Boston, and from that place went to New Netherland.
OLD DESCRIPTION OF NEW YORK. 171
They soon reduced the town and fort of New Amsterdam
upon conditions advantageous to his Majesty and easy for the
Dutch.
I subjoin here a very old description of that country and
of New Amsterdam.
" It is placed upon the neck of the Island Manhattan,
looking towards the sea, encompassed with Hudson's River,
which is six miles broad ; the town is compact and oval, with
very fair streets, and several good houses ; the rest are built
much after the manner of Holland, to the number of about
four hundred houses, which in those parts is held considerable.
Upon one side of the town is James 1 Fort, capable of
lodging three hundred soldiers and officers ; it has four bastions,
forty pieces of mounted cannon ; the walls of stone have a thick
rampart of earth ; well accommodated with a spring of fresh
water. Distant from the sea seven leagues, it affords a safe
entrance even to unskilful pilots ; under the town side, ships of
any burthen may ride secure against any storms, the current
of the river being broken by the interposition of a small island,
which lies a mile distant from the town.
About ten miles from the town is a place called Hell's
Gate, which being a narrow passage, there runneth a violent
stream both upon flood and ebb, and in the middle lie some
rocky Islands, which the current sets so violently upon, that it
threatens present shipwreck, and upon the flood is a large
whirlwind which continually sends forth a hideous roaring,
enough to fright any stranger from passing further, and to wait
for some Charon to conduct him through, yet, to those that
are well acquainted with the place, there is little or no danger.
It is a place of great defence against any enemy coming
that way, which a small fortification would absolutely prevent
and oblige them coming in, at the west of Long Island,
by Sandy Hook, where Nutten Island forces them within the'
command of the Fort, at New Amsterdam, which is one of the
best pieces of defence in the north parts of America. The
inhabitants havea considerable trade with the Indiansfor beaver,
otter, and racoon skins, with other furs, as also for bear, deer,
and elk skins, and are supplied with venison and fowl in the
winter, and fish in the summer, by the Indians from whom they
buy these commodities at an easy rate.
The Manhattan, Great River, being the principal, having
two mouths, wash the mighty island Watonwaks , and falls into
the Ocean. The southern mouth is called Port May , or Godnys
Bay. In the middle thereof lies an Island called the Staten
172 OLD DESCRIPTION OF NEW YORK.
Island, and a little higher the Manhattan, so called by
the natives which dwell on the east side of the river. They
are a cruel people and enemies to the Hollanders, as also the
Sanhikans, which reside on the western shore. Farther up are
the Makwaes, and Mahicans, which continually war one against
another. In like manner all the inhabitants on the west side of
the river Manhattan are usually at enmity with those that
possess the eastern shore.
This country has many remarkable w T aterfalls descending
from steep rocks, large creeks and harbours, fresh lakes and
rivulets, pleasant fountains and springs, some of which boil
in the winter, and are cold and delightful to drink in summer.
The sea coast is hilly, and of a sandy and clayey soil, which
produces abundance of herbs and trees.
The oak grows there from sixty to seventy feet, for the
most part free from knots, which makes it the better fit for
shipping. The nut trees afford good fuel. Some plants
brought hither, grow better than in Holland itself, as apples,
pears, cherries, peaches, apricots, strawberries and the like.
The vines grow wild in most places, and bear abundance of
blue, white, and muscadine grapes. Sometimes since, the
inhabitants have made wine of them, which is not inferior to
either Rhenish or French.
All manner of plants known in Europe grow in their
gardens. Water Melons, Calabasses and Pumpkins are very
abundant. The wheat, though six feet high, grows very
speedily. Peas are gathered twice a year, barley springs
above a man's height. Medicinal herbs, and Indigo grow
wild in great abundance. In some places also, is store of
mountain Crystal, and that sort of mineral which is called
Muscovia Glass. Others afford marble, serpentine stone, gold
and silver.
V/hen Captain William Clieff, in 1645, employed the
Indian Interpreter, Agheroense, to decide the differences which
arose between the West India Company and the wild people
called Makwaes, he observed him to paint his face with a yellow
glittering colour, which he judged to be of some rich mineral,
whereupon, buying some, of the said Agheroeuse, he put it into
a crucible, and gained two small pieces of gold out of the same,
valued at six shillings, but keeping it private and purchasing a
great quantity of the said mineral, he extracted from it a good
store of gold, which he sent to Holland in the Arent Cor sen, of
New Haven, but the ship was lost, and was never heard of after-
wards, and the Princess Pink, in which Captain Clieff was
OLD DESCRIPTION OF NEW YORK AND ITS INHABITANTS. 173
with a large store of the new found mineral, being cast away
also, it has always remained a mystery to the present time if it
was really gold, and the exact place from where it came.
The inhabitants, though divided into several nations, agree
in many things, as also in painting their bodies. Their shields,
clubs, and other utensils are alike. They obtain the colours
wherewith they paint themselves from a small plant, not unlike
the myrtle, or of certain stones, ground into very hue powder.
The forests are inhabited by a large variety of animals,
as hogs, black bears, harts and stags, deers, lions, musk-cats,
beavers, otters, etc., etc. Towards the south of New Amster-
dam are many buffaloes.
Fowls, turkeys, geese, ducks, pigeons, hawks, kites,
cranes, storks, ravens, owls, swallows, goldfinches, quails,
pheasants, and the like, are very abundant. Moreover, New
Amsterdam breeds a strange bird, about a thumb long, full of
glittering feathers ; it lives by sucking of flowers, like the
bee. (This is the humming bird Trochilus colubris) .
The rivers and lakes produce sturgeon, salmon, carp,
perch, barbils, all sorts of eels, and many other. The sea
affords crabs, with and without shells ; sea-cocks, sea-horses,
cod, whiting, ling, herring, mackerel, flounders, turbots,
tortels, and oysters, of which some are one foot long, and
have pearl, but these are a little brownish.
Amongst the poisonous creatures which infest New
Amsterdam, the chief and most dangerous is the Rattlesnake.
The inhabitants have their hair black as jet, coarse like
horse-hair ; they are broad shouldered, small waisted, have
brown eves, their teeth exceedingly white. With water they
chiefly quench their thirst ; their general food is flesh, fish,
and Indian wheat, which stamped, is boiled to a pap, by them
called sappaen. They eat at any time when they have
appetite. Beavers tails are amongst them accounted a great
dainty. When they go to hunt, they live several days on
parched corn, which they carry in little bags tied about
their middle, a little of that corn thrown into water swells
exceedinglv."
Henrv Hudson relates : — " That sailing- in the river
mountains he saw the Indians make strange gestures in their
dancing and singing ; he observed that they carried darts
pointed with sharp stones soddered into the wood, that they
slept under the sky on mats or leaves, took much tobacco and
this very strong, and that though courteous and friendly they did
not inspire him with confidence. Farther up he met with an old
174 DESCRIPTION OF THE NATIVES OF NEW YORK.
Indian commander of forty men and seventeen women, dwelling
in one house, artificially built of the bark of oak trees, round
about it. lay above three ship-loads of corn and Indian beans
to dry, besides the plants which grew in the fields. No
sooner had Hudson entered the house than he was received on
two mats spread on the ground, and two men immediately
were sent to shoot venison or fowls, and instantly returning
brought two pigeons and a fat hog, which they nimbly fleeced
with shells, and was also laid down to the fire. They also made
other preparations for Hudson's entertainment, but not willing
to venture himself amongst them that night, tasted not of it,
notwithstanding the Indians breaking their darts, threw them
into the fire, that thereby they might drive away all fears and
jealousies from him.
The women are more neat than the men, and though the
winter pinches them with excessive cold, yet they go naked
till their thirteenth year. Both men and women wear a girdle
of whale-fins and sea-shells ; the men put a piece of cloth,
half an ell long and three quarters broad, between their
legs, so that a square piece hangs behind below, and
another before the belly. The women wear a coat, which
comes half way down their legs, so curiously wrought with
sea-shells that one coat sometimes cost many pounds. More-
over, their bodies are covered with deer-skins, the lappets or
ends of which hang full of points, a large skin buttoned on
the right shoulder, and tied about the middle serves for an
upper garment, and in the night for a blanket. Both men and
women go for the most parts bare headed ; the women tie
their hair behind in a tuft, over which they wear a square cap
wrought with sea-shells, with which they adorn their foreheads,
and also wear the same about their necks and hands, and
some about their middle. Before the arrival of the Hollanders,
they wore shoes and stockings of buffalo-skins, some likewise
made shoes of wheaten-straw. The men grease their bodies
and paint their faces with several colours, black, white, red,
yellow, or blue ; the women put here and there a black spot ;
both of them are very reserved. Their houses are most of
them built of one fashion, only differing in length. They
build after this manner : They set peeled boughs of nut-
trees on the ground, according to the size of the place which
they intend to build, then joining the tops of the boughs
together, they cover the walls and the top with bark of cypress,
ashen and chestnuts trees, which are laid one upon another,
the smallest side being turned inwards according to the size
CUSTOMS OF THE NATIVES. 1 75
of the houses ; several families, to the number of fifteen, dwell
together, everyone having his apartment.
Their fortifications are built on steep hills near rivers; the
access to them is only at one place. Within, they generally
build twenty or thirty houses, of which some are one hundred
and eighty feet long, all of them full of people. In the summer,
they pitch their tents along by the riverside to fish. In winter,
they remove into the woods, to be near their game of hunting,
and also of fuel.
They generally have only one wife, but for the least
offence the man can turn her out, and marry another. On
breach of marriage, the children follow the mother. The
women are very fond of their offsprings, and take great care
of them. They make great lamentation at their death,
especially for sons. They cut off the hair of their heads,
which at the funeral is burnt in the presence of all their
relations. They also perform the same when their husbands
die ; and besides, they blacken their faces, and putting on a hart-
skin shirt, mourn a whole year. They bury the dead with a
stone under the head ; near it, they set various utensils, as
pot, kettle, dish, spoons, money, and provisions, to use in the
other world. When it is a chief, they build a conical hill on
the grave.
The language of this country is varied. The principal
tongues are the Mannhatan, Wappanoo, Siavanoo, and
Minqua, which are all very difficult for strangers to learn.
Their money is made of the innermost shells of a certain
shell-fish, cast up twice a year by the sea. These shells they
grind smooth, and make a hole in the middle, cutting them of
an exact size, and so put them on strings, which then serve
as money.
They have scarcely any religion ; they suppose the moon
to have great influence on plants. The sun is called to
witness whenever they swear. They stand in much fear of
the Devil, and make offerings to propitiate in their favour, to
the Evil One. They burn the first of what they hunt or fish,
in his honour. They acknowledge the residence of a God
above the stars; but they say they know him not, because
they never saw him.
Concerning the souls of the deceased, they believe that
those w T hich have been good in their lifetime, live southwards,
in a temperate country, where they enjoy all manner of
pleasure and delight ; as to the wicked, they wander up and
down in miserable condition. The cries of wild beasts in
16
176 CUSTOMS OF THE NATIVES.
the night are supposed to be the spirits of souls transmigrated
into wicked bodies.
At their dancing matches, where all persons that come
are freely entertained, their custom is, when they dance, for
the spectators to have short sticks in their hands and to
knock the ground, and sing altogether, whilst they that dance
sometimes act war-like postures, and then they come in
painted for war, with their faces painted black and red, or all
black, or all red, with some streaks of white under their eyes,
and so jump and leap up and down without any apparent order,
uttering many expressions of their intended valour.
When their King or Chief sits in Council, he has a com-
pany of armed men as body guards, great respect is shown
him by the people, which is principally manifested by their
silence. After he has declared the cause of their convention,
he demands their opinion, ordering who shall begin. The
person ordered to speak after having declared his mind, tells
them all that he has done, no man ever interrupting any
person in his speech, nor offering to speak, though he make
ever so many long stops, till he says that he has done. The
Council having all declared their opinions, the King after
some pause, gives the definitive sentence, which is commonly
seconded with a shout from the people, everyone seeming to
applaud and manifest their assent to what is decided.
When New Amsterdam surrendered to the English Com-
missioners, it contained about 3,000 inhabitants, of whom
nearly one half preferred to return to Holland. The remain-
der continued in the Colony, and among them, the noble
Governor, Stuyvesant, who survived a few years the fortune
of his little empire, and left descendants, who held high rank
in the city for many years after, and were also frequently
elected to the Magistracy of New York.
The name of New Netherlands was changed into that of
Yorkshire, and New Amsterdam into that of New York, Fort
Orange into Fort Albany, etc., etc.
All the country having been conferred by patent upon
His Royal Highness, the Duke of York and Albany, His
Royal Highness appointed Colonel Nichols, Governor of New
York. He was the first Governor of that country, and his
administration was wise and beneficial.
In 1666, Holland being at war with England, it was feared
that the Dutch would try to recover New York, and Colonel
Nichols was advised to put the city in a state of defence, which
he did thoroughly, but the Dutch never attempted to recover
TREATY OF PEACE BETWEEN ENGLAND AND AMERICA. 1 77
their former possession, and, in July 1667, it was formally ceded
to England in exchange for their colony of SURINAM.
Colonel Nichols resigned soon after, and was succeeded
by Colonel Lovelace, who successfully administered the
country during six years.
The second war with Holland in 1672, together with the
news of the Duke of York's piofession of the Catholic faith,
produced a discontent in the colony, which led a large number
to abandon the city and settle in Carolina.
A small fleet sent out from Holland approached New
York at a time when the Governor was absent, the city was
under the command of Colonel Manning, who surrendered the
place to the Dutch without firing a single gun. The Dutch
inhabitants were elated with triumph, and the English had no
cause of resentment, but in the conduct of their pusillanimous
commander. The Dutch were not long in regaining their
former supremacy, but the triumph of the one, and the
mortification of the other did not endure long. Early in the
spring of 1674 the controversy was terminated by the treaty
of Westminster, by which New York was restored to the
English. From that time to the 19th of April, 1775, the day
of the battle of Lexington, the English retained possession of
the country, which developed immensely under their rule.
From the 19th of April, 1775, to 19th of April, 1783,
exactly eight years since the shedding of the first blood in the
revolution at Lexington, the war of Independence continued
with more or less fury during that time, and ended by the
treaty of peace, signed at Paris on the the 3rd of September,
1783, by David Hartley on the part of GEORGE III., and by
John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay, on the
part of the UNITED STATES.
By the first article of this treaty his Britannic Majesty
acknowledges the United States to be free, sovereign, and
independent states, that he treats with them as such, and
relinquishes for himself and heirs all claims to the government,
propriety and territorial rights of the same. The second
article defines the boundaries of the states, and the third
secures them the right of fishing on the Grand Bank, and
other banks of Newfoundland, and other places in the
possession of the British, formerly used by the Americans
for fishing-grounds. The fourth article secures the payment
to creditors the debts heretofore contracted ; whilst the fifth
recommends to Congress the restitution of estates formerly
belonging to British subjects which had been confiscated.
178 FORMATION OF A FEDERAL CONSTITUTION.
The sixth article prohibits any future confiscations. The
seventh provides for firm and perpetual peace ; the eighth
secures the navigation of Mississippi to both Englishmen and
Americans ; the ninth orders all conquests made after the
treaty of peace to be restored ; the tenth provides for the
ratification of the treaty within six months, which was duly
done.
The different courts of Europe had already acknowledged
the Independence of the United States.
A federal Constitution was formed, but not without
opposition, and even insurrection. It took six years before
it was ratified by the different States of the Union. Con-
ventions were assembled in the several States to consider its
provisions, and it took nearly a year before the requisite
number had decided in its favour, and thus enabled Congress
to take measures for organizing the new Government. At
last it was done, and the illustrious and successful commander-
in-chief of the American armies, GEORGE WASHINGTON, who
had resigned and retired to his private seat, at Mount Vernon,
was elected President of the United States.
WASHINGTON. 179
CHAPTER XVI.
Presidents of the United States since the declaration of its Independ-
ence :— Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James
Madison, James Monroe, John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson,
Martin Van Buren, William Henry Harrison, John Tyler, James H.
Polk, Zachary Taylor, Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, James
Buchanan, Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, Ulysses S. Grant,
Rutherford Hayes, James Garfield, Chester Arthur, Grover
Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison.
WASHINGTON.
^OTaS election, as President of the United States, was
|ASl| formally announced to him on the 14th of April, 1789.
He accepted the office with unfeigned reluctance, occasioned
by his love of retirement, and by tenderness for his reputation.
As his presence at New York, then the seat of the Govern-
ment, was immediately required, he set out from Mount
Vernon on the 16th, the second day after he received notice
of his appointment. His journey was a triumphal procession,
such as no conqueror can boast. Since leaving his house,
he was accompanied by a company of gentlemen from
Alexandria, who entertained him in that town. The people
gathered to see him as he passed. When he approached the
towns the most respectable citizens came out to meet and
welcome him, he was escorted from place to place by com-
panies of militia, and in the principal cities, his presence was
announced by the firing of cannon, ringing of bells, and
military display. A committee of Congress, consisting of three
members of the Senate, and five of the House of Representa-
tives, was appointed to meet him in New Jersey, and attend
him to the City of New York.
To Elizabeth-town Point, came many other persons of
distinction, and the heads of several departments of the
Government. He was there received in a barge, splendidly
fitted up for the occasion, and rowed by thirteen pilots in
white uniforms. This was followed by vessels and boats,
fancifully decorated, and crowded with spectators. When the
President's barge approached the city, a salute of thirteen
guns was fired from the vessels in the harbour, and from the
battery. At the landing, he was again saluted by a discharge
ICO WASHINGTON.
of artillery, and was joined by the Governor and other officers
of the State and the Corporation of the city. A procession
was then formed headed by a long military train, which was
followed by the principal officers of the State and City, the
clergy, foreign ministers, and a great concourse of citizens.
The procession advanced to the house prepared for the
reception of the President. The day was passed in festivity
and in joy, and the city was brilliantly illuminated during the
evening.
On the 30th of April, Washington solemnly swore that
he would faithfully execute the office of President of the
United States, and that he would, to the best of his ability,
preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United'
States, and the oath of office was administered to him on the
balcony, in front of the Federal Hall, by Mr. Livingston, the
Chancellor of the State of New York, in the presence of both
branches of the National Legislature, and thousands of specta-
tors. During the ceremony a profound silence prevailed
throughout the whole of the assembled multitude, but no
sooner had the Chancellor proclaimed him President of the
United States, than he was answered by the discharge of
thirteen guns from the battery, and the deafening cheers of
thousands of grateful and affectionate hearts. Washington ,
then retired to the Senate Chamber, and in an impressive
speech addressed to his " Fellow-citizens of the Senate and
House of Representatives," declared his reluctance to accept
the high office which the people had thought fit to bestow upon
him, his incapacity for the mighty and untried cares before
him, and offered his fervent supplications to that Almighty
Being, who rules over the universe, — who presides in the
councils of nations, — and whose Providential aids can supply
every human defect, that his benediction might consecrate to
the liberties and happiness of the people of the United States,
a Government instituted by themselves for these essential
purposes, and might enable every instrument employed in its
administration to execute with success the functions allotted to
his charge.
At the conclusion of his remarkable address, Washington
went to St. Paul's Church, where the service was read by the
Bishop, and the ceremonies of the day closed. Tokens
of joy were exhibited throughout the city, as on the day of
his arrival, and in the night the whole place was illuminated,
and fireworks displayed in almost every quarter.
At the first session of Congress, a law was passed
WASHINGTON. l8l
imposing duties on imported merchandise, and taxes on
tonnage of vessels. Congress then proceeded to complete
the Government by instituting an executive cabinet to be
composed of heads of the different departments, of the
treasury, of war, and of state. Alexander Hamilton was
appointed Secretary of the Treasury, General Knox Secretary
of War, and Thomas Jefferson Secretary of State. John Jay
received the office of Chief Justice ; the associate judges were
John Routledge, James Wilson, John Cushing, Robert
Harrison, and John Blair. These were the first officers of
Washington, and they raised for themselves a monument of
fame, inferior only to that of their chief, and they are still
gratefully remembered by an admiring country.
The second session of the first Congress commenced on
the ist of January, 1790. The President recommended
several subjects as claiming their consideration, among which
were : a provision for the common defence, the arming and
disciplining of the militia, laws for the naturalization of
foreigners, an uniformity in the currency, weights and
measures, the advancement of agriculture, commerce and
manufactures, the encouragement of new and useful inven-
tions, the establishment of post offices and post roads, the
promotion and patronage of science and literature, and the
adoption of effective measures for the support of the public
credit.
During this session, it was also decided that the seat of
Government should be removed for ten years to Philadelphia,
and then be established permanently at some place, on the
Potomac River. The next year, during his southern tour,
Washington selected the position for the future Capital, the
duty devolving on him as President. Under his direction the
territory was surveyed, the city planned and laid out, and the
sites of the public buildings designated. The territory has
since been called District of Columbia, and to the city was
given the name of its illustrious founder.
In the year 1791, the first census of the United States
was taken, when it appeared that the whole number of
inhabitants was three millions, nine hundred and twenty-one
thousand, three hundred a?td twenty-six, of whom 695,655
were slaves.
At the meeting of the second Congress at Philadelphia,
the President congratulated them on the prosperous condition
of the country, on the great success of the bank scheme, and
on many other reforms made. The principal laws passed at this
l82 JOHN ADAMS.
session were those for establishing a uniform militia system,,
increasing the army, and apportioning the Representatives.
During the year 1792, Washington expressed a wish to
retire from the cares of government, and proposed to decline
a re-election. He had even prepared a farewell address to
the people, but he was, however, persuaded by Jefferson,
Hamilton, Randolph, and others, to relinquish his design,
and was a second time elected President of the United States
by the unanimous vote of the electors. John Adams was
nominated Vice-President. From 1792 to 1796, several wars
and rebellions took place, but by treaty or otherwise, peace
was restored, and in September, 1796, Washington announced
to the people of the United States his irrevocable decision of
retiring from public life, and spending the remainder of his
days in his peaceful and quiet retreat of Mount Vernon,
w r here he died on the 14th December, 1799, aged sixty-eight
years. Mount Vernon is situated- at about fifteen miles from
the capital, and is a place of pilgrimage to Americans and
others. No one pass there without saluting the mausoleum
containing the mortal remains of him who was called by the
people "The Father of the Country/' by which name
he is and will ever be known all over America.
JOHN ADAMS, 1797—1801.
John Adams, the candidate, of the Republicans, was
elected President of the United States at the election of
November, 1796, with Mr. JEFFERSON as Vice-President.
They were installed, in the presence of Washington, on
the 4th day of March, 1797, and forthwith entered on the
duties of their respective offices.
Ability of a very high order, an unsullied character, and
important services rendered during the progress of the
Revolution, entitled Mr. Adams to the dignified office to
which he was elected. He published in 1765 his Essay on
the Canon and Feudal Law, in which he expresses the boldest
and elevated sentiment, in language most vigorous and
animating, and says that America must be unoppressed or
must become independent.
In June, 1774, he was elected Member of the Continental
Congress, of which body, from the first, he was a distinguished
leader.
In June, 1775, when he could have secured for himself
the appointment of Chief Commander of the American armies,,
JOHN ADAMS. 183
he recommended George Washington to that all important
post. Mr. Adams was one of the most earnest and influential
advocates of the declaration of Independence.
During his time of office, war was declared between the
United States and France, and various naval battles were
fought, but an honourable peace was soon concluded between
Napoleon Bonaparte and the envoys of the President, M . M .
Oliver Ellsworth, Patrick Henry, and William Van-Murray.
In 1800, Congress met for the first time in Washington.
In his address, the President, after congratulating the people
upon having a permanent seat of government, continued :
M It would be unbecoming the representatives of this nation
to assemble for the first time, in this solemn temple, without
looking up to the Supreme Ruler of the Universe, and im-
ploring his blessing : — May this territory be the residence of
virtue and happiness ! In this city may that piety and virtue,
that wisdom and magnanimity, that constancy and self-govern-
ment which adorned the great character whose name it bears,
be for ever held in admiration ! Here and throughout our
country, may simple manners, pure morals, and true religion
flourish for ever."
The first term of Mr. Adams, as President, being about
to expire, a new election was held.
It was not until the thirty-fifth ballot, that the friends of
Mr. Jefferson succeeded in electing him.
THOMAS JEFFERSON, 1801— 1809.
Thomas Jefferson, elected President of the United
States, took office on the 4th of March, 1801. His inaugural
address is one of the most celebrated state papers which has
ever proceeded from the pen of its writer. Here are some
passages from it: — Equal and exact justice to all men of what-
soever state or persuasion, religious or poetical, peace,
commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling
alliances with none, the support of the state governments in
all their rights, as the most competent administrations of our
domestic concerns, and the surest bulwarks against anti-
republican tendencies, the preservation of the general
government in its whole constitutional vigour, as the sheet-
anchor of our peace at home and safety abroad, a jealous care
of the right of election by the people, a mild and safe
corrective of abuses which are lopped by the sword of
revolution where peaceable remedies are unprovided, absolute
acquiescence in the decision of the majority, the vital principle
17
184 THOMAS JEFFERSON.
of republics, from which there, is no appeal, but to force, the.
vital principle and immediate parent of despotism, a well
disciplined militia, 'our best reliance in peace and for the,
moments of war till regulars may relieve the supremacy of
the civil over the military authority, economy in the public
expense, that labour may be lightly burdened, the honest
payment of our debts, and sacred preservation of the public
faith, encouragement of agriculture, and of commerce as its
handmaid, the diffusion of information, and arraignment of all
abuses at the bar of the public reason, freedom of religion,
freedom of the press, and freedom of the person under the-
protection of the habeas corpus, and trial by juries impartially
selected. These are the essential principles of our govern-
ment, and those which ought to shape its administration.
These form the bright constellation, which has gone before us
and guided our steps through an age of revolution and -
reformation. The wisdom of our; sages and blood of ,our
heroes have been devoted to their attainment, they should be
the creed of our political faith, the text of civic instruction,
the touchstone to try the services of those we trust, and should
we wander from them in moments of error or alarm, let us
hasten to retrace our steps, and to regain the road which alone
leads to peace, liberty, and safety. . .
During the year 1801, a second census of the United
States was completed,, showing a population of five millions,
three hundred and nineteen thousand, seven hundred and
sixty-two, an increase of 1,400,000 in ten years. The enor-
mous increase of exports, from 19 to 99 millions of dollars,
and the corresponding augmentation of the revenue, from
90,000 to nearly 13 millions, can only be attributed to the
liberal institutions of the country.
During his term of office, Ohio was admitted into the
Union, and Louisiana was bought from the French at a cost"
of twenty millions of francs, or £800,000.
The Tripolitan war was also fought during the presi-
dency of Mr. Jefferson.
On the 4th of March, 1805, Mr. Jefferson entered upon
his second term of office. Aaron Burr was succeeded in
the Vice-Presidency, by GEORGE CLINTON of New York.
In 1808, the President announced his determination to retire
from office at the close of the term, and James MADISON was
nominated by the republican party to succeed him. Jefferson
retired to his seat at Monticello, and passed the remainder of
his; life in literary pursuits.
JAMES MADISON. 185
It was during Jefferson's presidency that a measure
proposed by him to Congress, on the 18th of January, 1803,
was sanctioned: That of exploring the river Missouri from
its mouth to it source, and crossing the highlands by the
shortest passage, to seek the best water communication,
thence to the Pacific Ocean. This exploration was suc-
cessfully made by Captain Meriwether Lewis, assisted by
Lieutenant Clarke.
They entered the Missouri on the 14th of May, 1804, and
on the 1st of November took up their winter quarters near the
Mandan towns, 1600 miles above the mouth of the river, in
latitude 47 ° 21' 47" north, and longitude 99° 24' 56" west
from Greenwich. On the 8th of April, 1805, they proceeded
up the river in pursuance of the object prescribed to them.
During his stay among the Mandans, Captain Lewis was able
to lay down the Missouri according to courses and distances
taken on his passage up, corrected by frequent observations
of longitude and latitude, and to add to the actual survey of
this portion of the river, a general map of the country, between
the Mississippi and the Pacific Ocean, from the 33 to the 54
degrees of latitude. He also observed the customs, language,
commerce, and other interesting facts respecting the Indian
tribes inhabiting the territory of Louisiana, and the adjacent
countries to its northern and western borders.
This was the first voyage of discovery made in the
West, by order of the Government of the United States.
JAMES MADISON, 1809— 1817.
James MADISON, the fourth President of the United
States, took office in March, 1809. George Clinton being
elected Vice-President.
One of the first acts of the Congress was to repeal the
embargo law ; but at the same time prohibiting all intercourse
with France and England, in war at the time. In consequence
of repeated hostilities committed by the English, war was
declared against that country on. the 1 8th of June, 1812. It
was fought with great bravery on both sides, on land and at
sea, and lasted during the whole of the first and part of the
second term of office of President Madison.
After the repulse of the British troops from Baltimore and
Plattsburg, and the capture of the English squadron on Lake
Champlain, a treaty of peace was signed at Ghent, on the 24th
of December, 18 14, and was ratified by the Prince Regent of
l86 JAMES MONROE.
England, on the 28th of the same month, and by the President
of the United States, with the advice and consent of the
Senate, on the 17th February, 18 15.
A treaty, regulating the commerce between the United
States and Great Britain, was signed in London on the 3rd of
July, 18 15, and ratified by the President on the 22nd of
December, in the same year.
There was also a war between the Bey of Algiers and
the Republic of the United States, which ended in 18 15, in
favour of that Republic.
The territory of Indiana was made into a State and
admitted into the Union in 18 16. In that year, the Republic
prospered immensely, — canals were opened in various states,
a national bank was instituted, and many thousands of
emigrants — chiefly from Great Britain — arrived in the country.
In 1816, Mr. Madison's second term of office being"
about to expire, JAMES MONROE was elected to succeed him.
JAMES MONROE, 1817— 1824.
JAMES MONROE, the fifth President of the United States,,
entered upon the duties of his office on the 4th of March,
1817.
During the year 18 17 the territory of the Mississippi was
enacted into a State, and admitted into the Union. In 18 19,
another accession was received in the State of Alabama, and
Congress created Arkansas into a territorial government. In
1820, Maine was separated from Massachnssets, made into
a State, and admitted into the Union. In 18 19, a treaty was
made with Spain, by which Florida was ceded to the United
States. This treaty was not finally ratified by the King of
Spain till the year 1821. On the 1st of July of that year,.
General Jackson, who was governor of the West Florida,
issued a proclamation, declaring the Spanish Government in
that province ended, and that of the United States of America
established.
On the 7th of July, the keys of the town of Pensacola, the
archives, documents, and other articles mentioned in the
inventories, were transferred to General Jackson, by the
Spanish Commander. In this year James Mo?iroe was
nominated President for a second term of four years.
In 1824, two important treaties were concluded; one
between the United States and Russia, determining the north-
west boundary of the two countries, at the line of fifty-four
JAMES MONROE. 187
degrees and forty minutes of latitude north. The second,
with England, for the suppression of the African slave trade.
It was signed in London by plenipotentiaries specially
appointed for the purpose.
The year 1825 was also signalized by the visit of the
celebrated French General, Lafayette, to America. He
arrived in New York harbour on the 13th of August, and
proceeded to Staten Island, the residence of DANIEL D.
TOMKINS, Vice-President of the United States. A committee
of the New York City Corporation, and many distinguished
citizens proceeded thither, to welcome him to their capital.
Steamboats with thousands of passengers, and decorated with
flags of all nations, escorted him to the city, where the
whole population was waiting to welcome him : he who had
perilled his life in the cause of their liberties. He was re-
ceived by the civil officers of their city, and an address was
delivered by the Mayor.
During the few days that he remained in New York
deputations poured in, from all the principal cities of the
Middle and Northern States, inviting him to visit them.
From New York, he proceeded to Boston, Portsmouth,
New Hampshire, Savannah, New Orleans, Saint Louis, and
back to Boston. This journey of five thousand miles was
performed in the course of the year, and the same extraordi-
nary marks of respect and attention were paid him throughout,
as in the great cities. The whole nation joined in wishing
health, happiness, honour, and long life to America's favourite
adopted son.
He reached Washington during the session of Congress,
and that body voted him the sum of two hundred thousand
dollars (£40,000) and a township of land, six miles square, to
be located in any of the unappropriated lands, where the
President should direct. A suitable acknowledgment for such
an immense and unexpected gift, added to former and
considerate bounties was made by the General, describing
himself as an old American soldier, and an adopted son of
the United States, two titles dearer to his heart than all the
treasures of the world.
On a second visit to Boston, he listened to an address
from the lips of the eloquent Daniel Webster. Wherever he
went, the people rose in a mass to welcome him to their
homes, and when he wished to return to France, a new
American frigate, the Brandywine, was fitted out for his
accommodation. In this vessel, he set sail on the 7th of
l88 JOHN QUINCY ADAMS.
September, 1825, for his native country. The authorities of
Washington, Georgetown, and Alexandria, the principal
officers of the Government, civil, military, and naval, members
of Congress, and other citizens assembled on that day at the
President's house to take leave of the General. President
Adams addressed him with dignity, but with evident emotion,
and bade him adieu.
At the usual term of office an active canvass was com-
menced for the election of the successor of Mr. Monroe.
Four candidates were proposed : Messrs. Jackson, Adams,
Clay, and Crawford. Mr. Adams was elected, and Mr. Monroe
retired.
The principal event of Mr. Monroe's term of office was
the celebrated doctrine preached by him, and known as
Monroe's doctrine, in which he says : AMERICA TO THE
Americans, and to no one else, and advising the
inhabitants to unite and to repel all foreign invasion in
America.
JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, 1825— 1829.
JOHN QUINCY Adams, the sixth President of the United
States, entered upon the duties of his office in March, 1825.
In his inaugural address he insisted on the discarding of every
remnant of rancour against each other, to be all friends, and to
work harmoniously for the welfare and prosperity of the
country.
During his administration, an important treaty was
concluded with the Indian tribe of the Creeks. By this treaty
the Creeks ceded all the lands lying within the boundaries
of the State of Georgia, inhabited by them, in exchange for
others situated westward of the Mississippi, on the Arkansas
River. A treaty was also concluded with the Indian tribe of
Kandas, ceding all their lands, within and without the limits
of Missouri, excepting a reservation on the Kansas River,
thirty miles square, including their villages. For these lands,
the United States agreed to pay them, 3,500 dollars yearly,
during twenty years, to provide for their education and civili-
sation, and to furnish them with a specified quantity of agri-
cultural stock.
Another treaty was also concluded with the Great and
Little usages, for their lands situated in Arkansas and else-
where, for an annuity of 7,000 dollars for twenty years, and
other provisions.
ANDREW JACKSON. 189
General conventions of peace, amity, navigation, and
commerce were made during the years 1825- 1826 with the
Republics of Columbia and Central America, and with the
King of Denmark.
The Tariff Bill, which was enacted by Congress in the
Session of 1828, produced the most violent commotion in the
Southern States, and was passed only by a very small majority.
On the anniversary of American Independence, 1826,
two of the ex-presidents of the United States departed this
life. JOHN Adams died at Quincy in the ninety-first year of
his age ; THOMAS JEFFERSON, at Monticello, Virginia, in his
eighty-third year.
In November, 1858, Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee, was
elected to succeed Mr. Adams.
ANDREW JACKSON, 1829— 1837.
ANDREW JACKSON, the seventh President of the United
States, was installed in his office in March, 1829. John C.
Calhoun taking the seat of Vice-President.
The principal topic of discussion upon the assembling of
Congress was the Tariff Act, which had been, from the
moment of its passing, a subject of violent contention and
popular irritation between the Northern and Southern States ;
but General Jackson in his message carried the doctrines of
protecting home productions, till they could compete with
foreign importation, to their utmost length. An Act was
passed, opening the American ports for the admission of
British vessels from the colonies with the same cargoes which
might be brought, and at the same duties that were payable
by American vessels, suspending the alien duties on British
vessels and cargoes. In consequence of this Act, the United
States were allowed the benefit of the Act of Parliament of
1825, which, upon certain terms, allowed foreign nations a
participation in her colonial trade.
In 1832, an act was passed which lowered the duties upon
some articles, but it was far from meeting the wishes of
Georgia and Carolina. A convention assembled at Columbia
from all parts of the State of South Carolina, and declared the
tariff acts of 1828 and 1832 null and void, and not binding,
and that if the United States should attempt to force them,
threatened to form a separate government for South Carolina.
Whilst civil war and a dissolution of the Union seemed
thus to be approaching, General Jackson, his four years
190 MARTIN VAN BUREN.
having expired, was re-elected President. In his message after
his re-election, he announced that he would not hesitate to
bring the Southeners back to their duty, by force if necessary.
He also attacked the solvency of the United States Bank,
intimating that it was no longer a safe depository for the
public funds.
Towards the close of December, 1832, a bill was intro-
duced into Congress, by which it was proposed to reduce the
duties. This did not meet the views of either party. At last
these difficulties were overcome by the introduction of a bill by
Henry Clay, of Kentucky /known hereafter as the Compromise
Bill. By it, all duties were to be gradually reduced till 1842,
when they were to reach the minimum of twenty per cent.
ad valorem. This bill was carried through both houses of
Congress, and received the sanction of the President.
At the expiration of the Charter of the United States
Bank, a large number of State banks were created, which pro-
duced and nourished all manner of wild speculations, particu-
larly in appropriated public lands.
During the winter session of 1835, a bill was brought
before Congress recognising the Independence of Texas, but
it was postponed. The Indian war was continued in Florida
during the year 1836, and many plantations and settlements
in the neighbourhood of St. Augustine were ravaged,
inhabitants slain, and negroes taken away by the enemy.
There was also a war with the Indians of the north-western
frontier called Black Hawk's war, which resulted in the
capturing and deposing of that chief.
In the early part of 1837, General Santa Anna, the
President of the Republic of Mexico, was made a prisoner by
the Texans, and subsequently set at liberty. He visited
Washington, whence after a short stay, he returned to Mexico.
Moore's Electric Telegraph was discovered in 1832.
On the nth of November, 1836, elections for the
nomination of a new President took place, and MARTIN
Van Buren, was elected.
MARTIN VAN BUREN, 1837— 1841.
Martin Van BUREN, the eighth President of the
United States, took possession of the chair on the 4th of
March, 1837. The New President was scarcely seated when
a severe commercial crisis burst all over the country. It was
at New Orleans that the first failure of consequence was
WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. ICI
declared. New York, Philadelphia, Boston, Baltimore, Albany,
and many others followed suit. The banks ceased their pay-
ments in specie. Even the mammoth bank of the United
States bent to the fierce tempest and imitated the example of
the rest. One sentiment pervaded all classes: the anticipation
of universal ruin, and individual beggary. All works were
stopped. A Bill was passed suspending the payment of the
fourth installation of the surplus revenue to the States until
the 1st day of January, 1839. Bills were passed authorising the
issue of treasury notes, for the extension of the payment of
revenue bonds for a short period, authorising the warehousing
in bond of imported goods for a term of three years, organ-
ising a sub-treasury system, whereby the nation should
become its own banker, but this last Bill w T as postponed.
When the Congress re-assembled on the 4th of December,
the Sub-Treasury Bill was ultimately rejected in 1838. During
this year the banks generally resumed specie in payments, the
effects of the commercial catastrophe were rapidly subsiding,
and the harvest was abundant.
A convention for fixing the boundaries of the United
States and Texas was concluded at Washington, on the 25th
of April. Great dismay was created in the commercial
world towards the close of the year by the suspension of
specie payments on the part of all the principal banks.
Negotiations were opened respecting the boundaries of
the United States and the British provinces.
The first Transatlantic trip was done in 1832, by an
American steamer.
In November, the time of the election of a new President
being arrived, William Henry Harrison was elected to the
post, and John Tyler, of Virginia, as Vice-President.
WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, 1841.
William Henry Harrison, the ninth President of the
United States, entered on duty in March, 1841 ; but his
inaugural address was the only act of his administration,
having died on the 4th of April, within one month of his
inauguration. He was the first President who died in office.
General Harrison was in the sixty-ninth year of his age.
The funeral took place on the 7th of April. The order
of the ceremony was very imposing ; the procession extended
over two miles, and was the longest ever witnessed in
Washington. A sentiment of the profoundest grief pervaded
IÇ2 JOHN TYLER.
every part of the Union on this melancholy occasion. A
national fast was proclaimed, and the affection and respect of
the people were testified by all sorts of public demonstrations.
JOHN TYLER, 1841— 1845.
According to Constitution, M. Tyler now became
President. He arrived at Washington on the 5th of April,
1841, and was immediately sworn into office. Air. Southard,
President of the Senate, became Vice-President. On the 8th,
the new President issued an address suited to the occasion, in
which, after lamenting the decease of General Harrison, he
expressed his intention of carrying into practice what he con-
ceived to have been that gentleman's principles. The Cabinet
chosen by General Harrison was retained in office.
On the 31st of May, the twenty-seventh Congress assem-
bled at Washington. A message from the President was read,
His views with regard to foreign policy were of a pacific
character. He stated that the census showed the population
to be seventeen millions, and that it had doubled in twenty-
three years. It is during this administration that Colonel
Freemont's Expedition to the West and to California was
sanctioned.
A Bill for the establishment of a new Bank of the United
States was presented, but was defeated twice.
A Bill was passed for the distribution of the proceeds of
the public lands.
On the 9th of August, 1842, a new treaty was made
with England, concerning the north-eastern boundaries
between the two countries, but more especially for the
suppression of the slave trade.
During the Session of Congress which closed June, 1844,
the principal subjects of attention were the modification of
the Tariff, and the annexation of Texas to the United States,
but the treaty negotiated to that effect by the Secretary of
State and the Texan Commissioners, and signed by the
President, was rejected by the Senate.
One of the most remarkable events during this adminis-
tration is the deliberate repudiation by several of the States
of the public engagements which they had contracted by
bonds, on the faith of which, private individuals had advanced
money to them.
At the expiration of office of M. Tyler, James K. Polk,
of Tennessee, was elected President.
JAMES K. POLK — ZACHARY TAYLOR. 193
JAMES K. POLK, 1845— 1849
JAMES K. POLK, the eleventh President of the United
States, entered upon the duties of his office on the 4th day of
March, 1845.
President Polk had always been unfavourable to the
establishment of a National Bank, or to the abolition of
slavery. He was of opinion that each State had the exclusive
power to regulate this subject according to its own judgment,
and that the general Government had no power to interfere
with, or to act upon the subject of domestic slavery, the
existence of which, in many of the States, was expressly
recognized bv the Constitution of the United States.
It was during this administration that war was declared
between the United States and Mexico, resulting in the
capture of the Capital by the North Americans, and the treaty
passed between the two countries on the 2nd February, 1848.
By that treaty, which was ratified on the 16th of March, 1848,
by the American Congress, and on the 30th of May of the
same year by the Mexican Congress, Upper California was
ceded to the United States on payment of fifteen millions of
dollars, or (£3,000,000).
The name of Polkos, from Polk, was given to the
Mexicans, who pronounced against the legal government of
Mexico in 1847.
In November, 1848, ZACHARY Taylor was elected
President to succeed to Mr. POLK.
ZACHARY TAYLOR, 1849.
ZACHARY Taylor, the twelfth President of the United
States, took possession of the chair on the 4th of March, 1849.
It was during this administration that the rich gold placers of
California attracted the general attention of the world, and
attracted such a large number of immigrants of all nationalities
with the extraordinary result that, in a few years, a magnificent
new State was created, in a place which for centuries had
only been known as a wilderness.
Zachary Taylor was born in the county of Orange,
Virginia, on the 24th of September, 1784. At the early age
of twenty-four, he was nominated lieutenant, and in that
capacity, he took part in the war against the English, and also
against the Indians. He was made a colonel in 1834. In
1836, he took part in the Florida wars. In 1845, he was
sent to Texas, and intrusted uith the defence of the frontier
194 MILLARD FILLMORE — FRANKLIN PlERCE.
of this new State. He occupied Corpus Christi until the
1 2th of March, 1846, when he took the offensive against the
Mexicans, whom he routed.
He died at Washington, on the 1st of July, 1850, after a
little over one year of office. He was succeeded by the then
Vice-President, Millard Fillmore.
MILLARD FILLMORE, 1850— 1853.
Millard Fillmore, the thirteenth President of the
United States, succeeded General Taylor in July, 1850, and
remained in office till 1853, Millard Fillmore was born at
Summer Hill (New York) on the 7th of January, 1800, of a
poor English family. He was educated in the parish school.
At the age of nineteen, he was articled as clerk with Barrister
Wood, and during the time that he remained with him, he
studied assiduously and took his degree. In 1829, he began
his political career as the representative of the county of
Eric (New York). He was nominated Member of the Congress
in 1832, and was re-elected several times in the same capacity.
In 1848, he was elected Vice-President. He died at Buffalo,
the 10th of March, 1874.
FRANKLIN PIERCE, 1853— 1857.
Franklin Pierce, the fourteenth President of the United
States, entered upon the duties of his office in March, 1853,
shortly before my arrival in that country. During his adminis-
tration was held the first American International Exhibition,
that of New York, which was a great success. The handsome
Central Park of New York was also begun during his ad-
ministration.
Franklin Pierce was born at Hillborough, New Hampshire,
on the 23rd of March, 1804. At first he worked as a farmer,
but this work being uncongenial to him, at the age of twenty
he left farming, and went to study law at Northampton School,
Massachussets, and in the office of Judge Parker, in Amherst.
He took his degree of Barrister-at-Law in 1827, and went
to practice in his native town, which elected him two years
afterwards as their representative in the Legislative Assembly
of the State. He remained in that post from 1829 to 1832.
In 1833 he was elected Member of the Congress, and in
1839 Senator. In 1842 he retired to Concordia, New Hamp-
shire, and practised as a barrister. In 1847, a ^ the time of
JAMES BUCHANAN. 195
the declaration of war with Mexico, he took service in the
armv, was wounded, and appointed colonel. After the suc-
cessful attack of Vera Cruz, he was appointed General. In
November, 1852, he was elected President, with a large
majority. He died in September, 1869.
JAMES BUCHANAN, 1857— 1861.
" JAMES BUCHANAN, the fifteenth President of the United
States, took possession of the Presidency on the 4th of March,
1857. He had occupied the post of Secretary of State during
the administration of President Polk. During his term of
office, his chief ambition was the enlargement of the United
States. He was always very prudent, and was considered a
good administrator.
James Buchanan was born at Stony-Battes, in the county
of Franklin, Pennsylvania, on the 23rd of April, 1795. His
father was Irish, and the possessor of a farm. At the age of
14, Buchanan was sent to the College of Dickinson, Carlisle,
where he took his degrees. In 1809, he was articled to
Lawyer James Hopkins, of Lancaster, and under his direction
he studied law. In 18 14, he was elected a Member of the
Legislature of Pensylvania. Six years after, he was elected
Member of the Congress of the United States, where he
remained up to 183 1. After this, he entered the diplomatic
career, and was sent to Russia by General Jackson. He came
back to the United States in 1853. ^ n I ^56 he was elected
President. He died at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, on the 1st of
June, 1868.
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, 1861.
Abraham Lincoln, the sixteenth President of the
United States, succeeded Mr. Buchanan, and entered upon
the duties of office in March, 1861.
It was during Lincoln's administration that one of the
most bloody civil wars (1863 — 1865) took place between the
Northern and Southern States, in consequence of the abolition
of slavery. In that short time, 740 millions of pounds sterling
were spent, and 656,300 men were killed.
The beginning of it, was the attack of Fort Finter by the
Sudists, who wanted to separate themselves from the North.
To this, Abraham Lincoln replied by the raising of 75,000
men, the blocus of the ports of the Carolinas, Virginia, etc.
Everyone remembers the gigantic exertions made by each side
196 ABRAHAM ; LINCOLN.
to attain its purpose, and the heroic deeds achieved by both
during this long and sanguinary ; war, resulting in the complete
victory of the North, and the lamentable death of Abraham
Lincoln. :, ;
The war of secession was, just ended, peace was restored,
and business was progressing actively everywhere, when this
foul act was perpetrated. 0n r the 14th of April, 1865, the
President and his wife assisted for the first time, since the
war, to a theatrical representation, accompanied by Mrs.
Harris and Mr. Rashburri. They occupied the front of the
stage on the left of the theatre. The play represented, was
a gay one, Our American Cousin. The President leaning
forward, his head between his hands, was entirely absorbed
with the play, when a shot was heard, and at the same time
a man was seen jumping in the front of the stage, a dagger in
hand, and crying Sic semper tyrannise All the spectators
rose, the murderer ran away in the lobby, pursued by a lawyer,
Mr. Stuart, who very nearly overtook him, but the murderer
escaped by shutting a door in his face.
The President had been shot in the head. He was
carried immediately into a house, close by the theatre, where
he died the next morning at 7.20.
As to the murderer, who had been able to make his escape
on horseback, he had been recognised by another actor, one of
his comrades, as one named John Wilkes Booth. This Booth
had been mixed up in many political events. He was an
enthusiastic Sudist ; he declared that he murdered President
Lincoln to avenge the defeat of the Sudists. He was dis-
covered hy the police in a hut near Port Royal, Maryland,
where he had taken refuge with one of his accomplices.
Summoned to deliver themselves up, the two criminals wavered.
The accomplice, Harold, surrendered, but Booth decided to
resist. Then the police set fire to the hut, and when Booth
appeared, trying to escape, he was shot. The corpse was
deposited on board a monitor, from where it disappeared
several days after. This dreadful drama ended in absolute
mystery, and the slavery, to the maintenance, of which Booth
had sacrificed President Lincoln, was nevertheless definitely
abolished.
On the morrow of the assassination of President Lincoln,
Minister Seward was also i murdered. , . •
Abraham Lincoln was born the .12th of February, 1809,
in the State of Kentucky. Son of a pioneer, from the early.
age of seven, he took part in the hard labour of clearing land.
ANDREW JOHNSON. 197
Without a regular instruction, and obliged to work for his
living, At the age of nineteen, he made a voyage to New
Orleans, working on board of " a boat to pay his passage.
Then he turned carpenter^ grocer, etc., and, lastly, a soldier,
fighting the Indians, after which he began to study alone, and
succeeded so well, that he was able to pass his examination as
a lawyer. From that date, he began his political career.
During four sittings, he took part in the Legislature of
Illinois. From 1847 to I ^49> ne was a Member of the Congress.
In 1852, he joined the Abolitionists, and in November, i860,
he was elected President of the United States. He placed at
the head of his Cabinet Messrs. M. Seward and Cameron. In
1 86 1, he started from Springfield to Washington, where he
was enthusiastically received ; but it has been said that even
then, notwithstanding the triumphal reception made to him, he
had already misgivings about his security.
In 1864, he was re-elected for the second time with an
immense majority.
The Atlantic Telegraph, connecting Europe and America,
was completed in 1862, during his first term of office.
ANDREW JOHNSON, 1865— 1869. i
The consequence of the atrocious act committed by
Booth, was that Andrew Johnson became the seventeenth,
President of the United States according to Constitution. He
took office in April 1865, and during the whole of his term he
was in contest with the other powers. The functionaries
proposed by him, were not accepted by the Senate, and even
his Ministers were hostile to him. He was also put on his
trial, but discharged.
Andrew Johnson was born in Raleigh, Carolina, on the
29th of December, 1806.
He lost his father at the early age of four. At ten, he
was apprenticed to. a tailor, and remained with him seven
years without having ever been to school, but in learning his
trade, he made up his mind to learn at all cost, and so he did,
taking several hours out of his sleep for that noble purpose.
When he left his master, he worked for a while at day wages,
soon after he went West, taking with him. his mother, whom he
maintained from his work. He stopped at Greenwich,
Termessee, where he worked as a journeyman. He married
there, and after a time he worked on his own account. With
the help of his wife, he learned to, write, and acquired some
198 ULYSSE SIMPSON GRANT.
elementary knowledge. In 1828, he was elected Alderman of
his village. In 1830, he was elected Mayor. In 1843, ne
was elected Member of the Congress, and in 1863, Governor
of Tennessee. In 1864, he was elected Vice-President, hence,
his re-emplacing President Lincoln, when this last was
murdered.
President Johnson died the 31st of July, 1875, in the
county of Carter.
ULYSSE SIMPSON GRANT, 1869— 1877.
Ulysse Simpson Grant, the eighteenth President of the
United States, entered upon the duties of his office in March,
1869. He was so popular and so esteemed by all parties that
at the end of his first term, in 1873, he was re-elected without
opposition. It was during his second term of office that the
Centennial Exhibition of Philadelphia, which was such a great
success, was decided upon, and successfully organized.
This Exhibition was the first step of reconciliation between
the Northern and Southern States. General Grant's peaceful
administration will always be remembered as that of re-
conciliation, peace and progress. In 1869, the Pacific Railway
was opened during his administration.
Ullysse Simpson Grant was born at Point Pleasant, Ohio,
on the 27th of April, 1822. At the age of seventeen, he
entered at the Military School of Westpoint. He left in 1843
as a Second Lieutenant in the Infantry. In 1848, he took a
distinguished part in the Mexican War, was promoted
Lieutenant after the battle of Molino del Rey, and Captain
after that of Chapultepec, in September, 1847.
He left military service in 1854, and took the direction of
a tanyard, established by his father ; after which he started as
a farmer, in the county of San Luis, Missouri. In i860, he
went away to Galena, Illinois, where he was busy in the same
pacific business when the war was declared between the North
and the South. In the month of April, 1861, the Governor of
Illinois appointed him Aide-de-camp to the Chief Commander
of the State Militia. Soon after, he was nominated Colonel
of the 20th Regiment, then General of the Illinois Volunteers,
He assisted in that capacity to many sanguinary battles, and
achieved great success, especially at the battle of Wickbury,
which made him famous among his countrymen. His popularity
was so great after the battle of Richmond, that he was unanimously
elected President of the United States. He received numerous
RUTHERFORD B. HAYES — JAMES GARFIELD. 199
addresses from all parts of the country. In his short inaugural
address on the day of his installation as President, he manifested
that he did not belong to any particular political party. On
the 6th of November, 1872, he was re-elected for another term
with a great majority. At the end of his second term, he
visited Europe, where he was welcomed by all. A suitable
pension was voted him, when he retired from office.
RUTHERFORD B. HAYES, 1877— 1881.
RUTHERFORD B. Haves, the nineteenth President of the
United States, entered into possession of the presidential
chair in March, 1877. 1 was in Philadelphia when the election
took place, and I have previously given a description of what
these elections are in the United States. If not seen, one
could hardly believe what expenses and what excesses are
occasioned by the election of a President in that country ; but
what is admirable is the way how every one retires to his own
business when the election is over. The Phonograph was
invented by Edison, in 1877, during Hayes' term of office.
Rutherford Birchard Hayes was born on the 4th of
October, 1822, in Delaware, Ohio. He went first to the
College of Kenyon. From that place, he went to the Uni-
versity of Cambridge, where he studied law. In Cincinnati he
acted as solicitor and acquired fame as a lawyer. When the
war of secession was declared, he engaged himself as a
private soldier, but quickly distinguished himself, and was
successively promoted from Lieutenant to General. At the
end of the war, he retiredfrom the service, but soon after he was
sent to Congress, where he represented his county. After
that, he was appointed twice Governor of Ohio. In 1876 he was
chosen as a candidate by the Republicans, and was elected
President of the United States.
JAMES A. GARFIELD, 1881.
James A. Garfield, the twentieth President of the
United States, entered upon the duties of the office in March
1 88 1, but he occupied that post only for a few months, having
been shot at the railway station by the murderer, Charles
Guitteau, a fanatic, on the 5th of July, 1881. He was
successively transported to Longbranch and elsewhere, and
for a little time it was thought that he would recover, but on
the 19th of September, he died at Longbranch from the con-
sequences of his wounds. A national subscription was made
18
200 CHESTER A. ARTHUR.
in favour of his widow. Two millions five hundred thousand
dollars were raised for that purpose. James Abraham Garfield
was born the 19th of November, 1831, at Orange, Ohio. At
an early age, he had to work for his living and that of his
mother, which he always helped as much as he could. He
worked as a journeyman carpenter, and also as a steersman on
a boat. In the evening, he used to go to a primary school, and
learn all that he could. In 1849, he entered the College of
Chester, Ohio, and one year after he obtained his brevet as
Schoolmaster. In 1880, he was elected President of the United
States.
CHESTER A. ARTHUR, 1881— 1885.
According to Constitution, Mr. Chester A. Arthur, Vice-
President, became the twenty-first President of the United
States.
Chester A. Arthur was born in Fairfield, Franklin County,
Vermont, on the 5th of October, 1830. His father emigrated
from Ireland to the United States in his eighth year, and died
in Newtonville, near Albany, in October, 1875. Chester A.
Arthur was educated at Union College, and was graduated in
the class of 49. After leaving college, he taught a county
school during two years in Vermont, and then having managed
by rigid economy to save about $500 he started for New York,
and entered the law office of ex-Judge Culver as a student.
After being admitted to the bar, he formed a partnership with
his friend, Henry D. Gardiner, with the intention of practising
in the West, but in the end they returned to New York, where
they entereduponasuccessful career almost from the start. Soon
after he married the daughter of Lieutenant Herdon, United
States Navy, who was lost at sea. Chester A. Arthur ren-
dered great services in the emancipation of slaves, and won
several cases in their favour. Previous to the outbreak of the
Secession War, Chester A. Arthur, was Judge Advocate of
the 2nd Brigade of the New York State Militia, and Governor
Edwin D. Morgan, soon after his inauguration, selected him to
fill the position of Engineer-in-Chief of his staff. In 1861, he
held the post of Inspector-General, and soon afterwards was
advanced to that of Quartermaster-General, which he held
until the expiration of Morgan's term of office. No higher
encomium can be passed upon him than the mention of the
fact that although the war account of the State of New York
was at least ten times larger than that of any other state, yet
CHESTER A. ARTHUR. 201
it was the first audited and allowed in Washington, and with-
out the deduction of a dollar, while the Quartermaster's
accounts from other States were reduced from §10,000,000 to
§1,000,000. When Mr. Arthur became Quartermaster-General
he was poor. When his term expired he was poorer still.
He had opportunities to make millions unquestioned. His
own words in regard to this matter amply illustrate his
character. " If I had misappropriated five cents, and on
walking down town saw two men talking on the corner to-
gether, I would imagine they were talking of my dishonesty,
and the very thought would drive me mad."
At the expiration of Governor Morgan's term, Mr. Arthur
returned to his law practise, and the firm of Arthur and
Gardiner prospered exceedingly. Gradually he was drawn
into the arena of politics. He nominated, and, by his efforts,
elected the Hon. Thomas Murphy a State Senator. When
the latter resigned the collectorship of the Port of New York,
November 20th, 1871, President Grant nominated General
Arthur to the vacant position, and four years later when his
term expired re-nominated him, an honour that had never
been shown to any previous collector in the history of the
Port.
When James A. Garfield was elected President of the
United States, in 1880, General Arthur was unanimously
elected Vice-President. On the 4th of March, 188 1, he
delivered a brief but eloquent. inaugural address and assumed
his place as the second officer of the Republic.
Immediately after the death of President Garfield,
General Arthur took the oath of office as President of the
United States. The administration of the oath was followed
by the President's brief inaugural address.
During Arthur's term, efforts were made to strengthen
the relations of the United States with the other American
nationalities. Representations were made by the Administra-
tion with a view to bringing to a close the war between Chili
and the allied States of Peru and Bolivia.
President Arthur advised the establishment of a monetary
union of the American' countries to secure the adoption of a
uniform currency basis. Provision for increased and improved
consular representation in the Central American States was
made. Negotiations were conducted with Colombia for the
purpose of renewing and strengthening the obligations of the
United States as the sole guarantor of the integrity of
Columbian territory, and of the neutrality of any interoceanic
canal to be constructed across the Isthmus of Panama.
202 CHESTER A. ARTHUR — GROVER CLEVELAND.
From the British Government, a full recognition of the
rights and immunities of naturalized American citizens of
Irish origin was obtained, and all such that were under arrest
in England or Ireland, as suspects, were liberated.
The reduction of letter postage from 3 cents for each
half-ounce to 2 cents for one ounce was adopted. The fast
mail and free delivery system were largely extended.
The act to regulate and improve the civil service of the
United States was passed January 16th, 1883.
It was declared at the following Presidential Convention
that " in the administration of President Arthur we recognize
a wise, conservative, and patriotic policy, under which the
country has been blessed with remarkable prosperity, and we
believe his eminent services are entitled to and will receive
the hearty approval of every citizen."
Mr. Arthur died suddenly of apoplexy, at his residence,
No. 123, Lexington Avenue, New York City, Thursday morn-
ing, November 18th, 1886. President Cleveland, and his
Cabinet, Chief-Justice Waite, ex-President Hayes, James G.
Claine, Generals Sherman, Sheridan, and Schofield, and the
surviving members of President Arthur's Cabinet, were in
attendance.
GROVER CLEVELAND, 1885—1889.
Grover Cleveland, the twenty-second President of the
United States, took possession of the chair in March, 1885.
It was during his administration that it was decided to co-
operate officially to the Paris International Exhibition of 1889,
and it was a great success for that country. Their display
was conspicuous, and courted the attention of all visitors.
General Franklin, the Chief Commissioner, by his energy and
affability, contributed greatly to that end.
Four new States were added to the Union by Congress,
that of North Dakata, South Dakota, Washington, and
Montana. Electricity was adopted for traction on 436
tramways, on 3,522 miles of track.
Stephens Grover Cleveland was born at Caldwell, New
Jersey, on the 18th of March, 1837. He studied at Clinton's
Academy. After that, he entered as clerk in a commercial
house at Fayetteville. When in Buffalo with his uncle, he
studied law, and was admitted to the Court of that town in
1859. I n I ^>7°> ne was elected sheriff of the County of Eric,
and at the expiration of his office, he took the direction of a
BENJAMIN HARRISON — GROVER CLEVELAND. 203
lawyer's office under the name of Cleveland, Biosel & Sicard,
which prospered immensely. In 188 1, he was elected Mayor
of Buffalo, in which capacity he acted so honourably and so
satisfactorily that, in 1882, he was elected Governor of the
State of New York. In 1884, he was elected President of the
United States.
BENJAMIN HARRISON, 1889— 1893.
Benjamin Harrison, the twenty-third President of the
United States, entered upon the duties of office in March, 1889.
His administration will always be remembered as that of the one
during which was decided the celebration of the four-hundredth
O m
anniversary of the discovery of America, by Christopher
Columbus, in the form of a gigantic International Exhibition, to
be held at Chicago in 1894, which official dedication took place
the 21st of October, 1893. Inconsequence of Mrs. Harrison's
illness, the President could not preside at the ceremony, and
was replaced by Vice-President Morton. Another great event
was the celebration of the centenary of Washington, which
took place with great solemnity on the 30th of April, 1889.
The administration of President Harrison will also be
remembered as that of the passing of the memorable
McKinley Tariff, which has caused much dissatisfaction, not
only amongst many classes of society in the United States, but
also in all foreign countries, and which has probably been the
chief cause of his not having been re-elected for a second term
of office, as many thought he would be.
Two new States were added to the Union, that of
Wyoming and Idaho. Benjamin Harrison was born at North
Bend, Ohio, on the 20th of August, 1833. He is the grand-
son of William Henry Harrison, the ninth Président of the
United States, who died in 1881. He studied at the University
of Miami, Oxford, and practiced as a barrister at Indianopolis,
his place of residence. In 1862, he entered in the federal
army, first as Lieutenant. He fought in many battles and at
the end of the war, he was elected Senator and remained so
during six years, 188 1 — 1887. In 1884, he supported the
candidateship of Blaine against Cleveland. In 1888, he was
elected President of the United States.
GROVER CLEVELAND, 1893.
Grover Cleveland, the twenty-fourth President of the
United States, was elected in November, 1892, with Mr. A. E.
204 GROVER CLEVELAND.
Stevenson, as Vice-President. He entered upon the duties of
his office for the second time in March, 1893.
On the first of May, 1893, he opened the World's
Columbian Exhibition, the greatest manifestation ever held in
honour of PEACE AND LABOUR.
As everyone knows it has been a great success.
Many grand things are expected from President
Cleveland's Administration, such as the Repeal of the Mc
Kinley Tariff, replaced by a fair trial of Free Trade ; the help
of the United States to conclude an International treaty for
the completion of the Panama and Nicaragua Canals. And we
hope that President Cleveland will be successful in his-
endeavours, and that his name will ever be remembered as
the one who will have greatly contributed to the completion
of these great undertakings. Future will tell !
PARDY & SON, PRINTERS, THE TRIANGLE, BOURNEMOUTH.
Genera of Humming Birds. 107
Thalurania Jclskii, Tacz. P.Z.S., 1874, p. 138.
Black banded Wood Nymph, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. \\. y
p. 103.
Tschudi's Wood Nymph, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. ii. p. 103.
La Thaluranie à bande noire, Muls., Hist, Nat. Ois, Mou.,
1876, vol. iii., p. 75.
Jelshy's Wood Nymph, Gould, Mon. Troch, Suppl., 1886,
P- 39-
Habitat. — Peru, Columbia, and Ecuador.
Male. — Head and neck bronze, rest of upperside shining
green. Throat emerald-green, extending to the breast,
bordered by a narrow black band. Shoulders and rest of
underside Prussian blue, under tail-coverts and tail steel-blue.
Wing-coverts bronze-green. Wings purple-brown. Bill and
feet black.
Total length, 4^in. Wing, 2\. Tail, i-|. Culmen, |-.
Female. — Upperside shining grass-green, bronzy on the
head. Underside gray. Median rectrices green, lateral green
with bluish tips and a very small gray tip, the two uttermost
ones brown at base, then bluish with gray tips.
I have some specimens from Columbia, Ecuador, Amazons,
and Peru, collected by Messrs. Buckley, Whitely, and
Hanxwell.
148. Thalurania boliviana, N. Sp.
Bolivian Wood Nymph.
La Thaluranie de Bolivie.
Habitat. — Bolivia.
Male. — Exactly the same in colouration as the preceding
species, except that the emerald of the throat does not extend
so much on the breast, and is not separated from the breast by
a black band. The colour of the breast and abdomen is
purplish in this species.
Total length, 4^in. Wing, 2-|. Tail, i|-. Culmen, -|.
Female. — Like the preceding species, but darker on the
underside.
My specimens of this new species, w r ere collected in Bolivia
by Buckley.
N
io8 Genera of Humming Birds.
Genus XLIX. Gmelinius, n.g".
^
ORNISMYIA, Lesson, Hist. Nat., Ois. Mou., Tab. 10.
TYPE: T. bicolor, Gmélin.
Bill straight, graduating to a point, slightly longer than the
head. Tail slightly forked. Rectrices gradually longer from
the medium to the outermost ones, pointed. Wings long,
reaching the end of tail. Tarsi clothed. Sexes unlike.
Habitat. — Dominica (West Indies).
I dedicate this new genus to the memory of Gmélin.
149. Gmelinius, bicolor, Gmel. Syst. Nat., 1788, p. 496.
Ornismyia bicolor, Gmel. Svst. Nat., 1778, p. 496.
Ornis?nyia wagleri, Less., Hist, des Ois. Mou., 1829, p. 203.
Hylocharis wagleri, Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. i., p. 114.
Caeligena wagleri, Riech., Troch. Enura., 1855, p. 3.
Thalurania wagleri, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. ii., p. 109.
Wagler's Wood Nymph, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. ii., p. 109.
La Thaluranie de Wagler, Muls., His. Nat. Ois. Mou.,
1876, t. iii, p. 81.
Habitat. — Dominica (West Indies) not Brazil.
Male. — Entire head and throat deep blue, slightly metallic.
Upperside dark shining green. Tail steel-blue. Tail-coverts
greenish-blue. Underside metallic grass-green, golden on
sides of breast and flanks. Wings dark purplish-brown.
Maxilla black. Mandible flesh colour tipped with black.
Total length, 3fin. Wing, 2§. Tail, if. Culmen, f.
Female. — Upperside bronzy-green. Uppertail-coverts
bluish-green. Underside dull white spangled, with green on
the sides of breast and flanks. Outer-tail feathers tipped
white, rest of tail-feathers green, broadly marked with blue on
the terminal part.
It is a rare species, and it is only since a short time that we
know with certainty that this species is not Brazilian, as all
former authors have constantly told us, but a native of
Dominica, West Indies. I think Mr. Ober, who has collected
largely in the West Indies, is the naturalist to whom we are
indebted for the exact habitat of this species.
Genera of Humming Birds. 109
The differences between this species and all those included
amongst the genus Thalurania, are such, that I have not
hesitated in proposing a new genus for it.
Genus L. Phaeoptila, Gould, Int. Troch., 1861, p. 169.
Doleromyia, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., t. i, p. 207.
Type : P. sordida, Gould.
Bill longer than the head, slightly curved, nostrils exposed,
wings long, nearly reaching the end of tail. Tail short,
slightly forked, medium rectrices shorter, lateral and outer-
most ones, slightly and gradually longer, all of them J^road.
Tarsi clothed. Sexes unadorned, nearlv alike.
Habitat. — Mexico.
150. Phaeoptila sordida, Gould, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
1859, p. 97.
Uranomitra sordida, Cab. and Heine., Mus. Hein, i860, t.
iii., p. 41.
Doleromya sordida, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874, t.
i., p. 207.
Dusky Humming-bird, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. 5, p. 338.
La Doleromye sordide, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874,
t. i., p. 207.
Habitat. — Puebla, Oaxaca, (Mexico).
Male. — Upperside bronzy-green, brownish on forehead.
Underside gray, washed with bronzy-green feathers on sides
•of breast and flanks. A tuft of white feathers on each side
of lower part of vent. A white spot behind the eyes.
Tail bronzy-gray. Wings silky-brown. Bill flesh colour,
with black tips. Feet black.
Total length, 4m. Wing, 2^. Tail, if. Culmen, J.
Female. — Same plumage as that of male, but paler gray
on underside, with just a few bronzy-green feathers on sides
-of breast. Lateral rectrices largely tipped with pale grav.
I discovered this species in Oaxaca, South Mexico, and for
a long time, Gould himself thought that it was the female
of another species ; but having dissected a good many speci-
mens of both sexes, there is no doubt about it now. The
types of this species are now in the British Museum. (Ex
Gould Collection.)
no Genera of Humming Birds.
GENUS LI. Iache, Elliot, Syn. Hum. Birds, p. 234.
CiRCE, Gould, Int. Troch., p. 168.
TYPE: C. latirostris, Swainson.
Bill longer than the head slightly curved. White spot
behind the eyes. Wings long, reaching nearly the end of
tail. Tail short, slightly forked, rectrices broad. Tarsi
clothed. Feet small, hind toe short (Gould, I.e.). Sexes
unlike.
Habitat.— Mexico.
151. Iache latirostris, Sw., Phil. Magas, 1827, p. 441.
Omismya lessoni, Del., Rev. Zool., 1839, p. 15.
Cyanophaia lazula, Reich., Aufz. der Col., 1853, P- I0 -
Amazilia latirostris, Reich., Aufz der Col., 1853, P- I0 -
Hylocharis lazula, Reich., Troch., Enum., 1855, P- 77°-
Circe latirostris, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 338.
Circe, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., page 338.
La Circê, à large bee, Muls., His. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1875 t.
ii, p. 47.
Habitat. — Mexico.
Male. — Upperside bronzy-green, brownish on top of head.
Throat bright sapphire-blue. Breast, abdomen and flanks
shining green, washed with gray on flanks. Undertail coverts
gray, with bronzy-green in centre of feathers. Tail steel
blue, tipped w T ith gray in young males. Wings pale brown.
Bill flesh colour with black tips.
Total length, 3-fin. Wing, 2 J. Tail, i§. Culmen, |.
Female. — Upperside bronzy-green. Underside dark gray.
Tail bronzy-green at base, rest bluish-black, lateral feathers
tipped with gray.
Rather a rare species. I collected some specimens near
Mexico, the capital of the Republic.
^"152. IACHE MAGïCA, Muls., and Verr., Ann. Soc. Lin. Lyon.,
1872, t. 18, p. 1 10.
Circe magica, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1875, t. ii,
p. 49.
La Circê 7nagicienne , Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. M., 1875, t.
ii, p. 50.
Gene i a of Humming Birds. ill
Mazatlan Humming-bird, Gould, Mon. Troch., Suppl.,
1886, p. 96.
Habitat. — Mazatlan, Lower-California.
Male. — Upperside reddish-bronze. Throat and upperpart
of breast metallic bluish-green. Underside bronzy-green, with
a coppery lustre. Undertail-coverts white. Wings pale
brown. Tail brownish-black, lateral feathers slightly tipped
with gray. Bill red, tip black.
Total length, 3fin. Wing, i-|. Tail, 1^. Culmen, J.
The Type (from Elliot's collection) is now the property of
the Museum of Natural History, New York.
*I53. Iache doubledayi, Bourcier P.Z.S., 1847, P- 4-6-
Hylocharis doubledayi, Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. i., p. 114.
Thaumatias doubledayi, Bon. Consp. Gen. Av., 1850, vol. i. ;
P . 78.
Cyanophaia doubledayi, Reich., Aufz. der Col., 1853, p. 10.
Sapphironia circe, Bon. Rev. and Mag. Zool, 1814, p. 156-
Circe doubledayi, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 339.
Doubleday's Humming Bird, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v.,
P- 339-
La Circê de Doubleday, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1875,
vol. ii., p. 45.
Habitat. — Chihuitan (S. Mexico).
Male. — Top of head metallic bluish-green. Upperside and
abdomen dark bronzy-green with a bluish shade on the
abdomen. Throat brilliant blue. Undertail-coverts dark
brown, edged with gray. Wings pale brown. Tail steel-blue
tipped with gray. Bill red, tip black.
Total length, 3y<]-i n - Wing, i|. Tail, i T 5 ^-. Culmen, \\.
Bourcier's specimen is in Elliot's collection.
¥r
154. ÏACHE NITIDA, Salv. and Godm. Ibis., 1889, p. 240.
Dark blue Humminçr-bird .
V Oiseau mouche bleu foncé.
Habitat. — Guerrero (Mexico).
Male. — Closely allied to /. doubledayi, but the whole throat
112 Genera of Humming Birds.
and breast are of a richer blue, and the head also is shining"
blue, not green.
The type of this fine species is in the collection of Mrs. H.
H. Smith.
•^155. lACHE LAWREXCEI, Ridgw, Mon. N.A. Birds., p. 320.
I ache Lawrenceij Berlepsch, M.S.
Lawrence 1 s Humming-bird.
L'Oisean mouche de Lawrence.
Habitat. — Tehuantepec, (S. Mexico).
Male — Above metallic bronze-green, including upper tail-
coverts, the hind neck more grass-green, and the forehead
brilliant metallic greenish-blue, passing into shining green on
crown ; entire chin and throat deep metallic blue with a
purplish cast in certain lights ; remaining under parts bronzy-
green or greenish-bronze. Tail forked.
Length of wing, 1-90. Tail, 1-50, Culmen, 0-65.
This genus forms the natural passage, from Thaluranid/E
to CHLOROLAMPID/E.
With the genus Phaeoptila, I have placed both in this
family, because they are very closely allied to my new genus
Gmelinius.
FAMILY VIL CHLOROLAMPID^.
or Family of Emeralds.
Bill flesh colour with black tips, as in genus Chlorolampis,
gradually passing to black, as in the genera Prasitis and
Panychlora, about the same length as the head, straight,
rather wide at base, and terminating to a sharp point. Body
small. Wing long and narrow. Tail varying from very deeply
forked to even, rectrices rounded in some genera, narrow and
pointed in others. Sexes unlike ; the underside of males are
always brilliantly coloured ; that of the females dull whitish-
gray. Tarsi clothed.
Type Chlorolampis, Cabanis, Mus. Hein., i860, t. iii.
P- 47
Genera of Humming Birds. i [3
Genus LII., Chlorolampis, Cab., Mus. Heine, i860, 1. iii.,
P- 47-
TYPE : Trochilus auriceps, Gould.
Bill about as long as the head, straight, rather wide at base,
and terminating to a sharp point. Wangs long. Tail long
and forked, two of the median rectriees very short and even,
the next one, one-third longer, the two outermost ones narrow
and long, the last one twiee as long as the median reetrices,
all of them being semi-rounded at the points. Feet small.
Tarsi clothed. Sexes unlike.
Habitat. — Mexico.
156. Chlorolampis AURïCEPS, Gould, Jard, Contr., Orn.,
1852, p. 137.
Spo radians auriceps, Bon., Rev. and Mag. Zool, 1854, p.
223.
Chlorostiibon auriceps, Gould, Mon.Troch, vol. v., p. 350.
Long-Tailed Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch, vol. v., p. 350.
Le Chlorolampe à tête d'or, Muls. Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou.,
1875, to ii, p. 80.
Habitat. — Mexico.
Male. — Crown metallic golden. Upperside golden-green.
Throat metallic yellowish-green. Breast and abdomen
metallic golden. Vent white. Wings purplish-brown.
Tail long, deeply forked, bluish-black, all but the outermost
feathers tipped with large gray spots. Maxilla flesh colour at
base, rest black. Mandible flesh colour with black tip.
Total length, 3fin." Wing, ij. Tail, i~. Culmen, J.
Female. — Upperside bronzy-green. Underside dull gray.
Median rectriees shining green ; lateral green at base, then
black with gray tips, outermost ones green at base, then gray,
then black with grayish tips.
This very rare species was discovered by Mr. Floresi d'
Arcais.
I have only one male specimen, Ex Coll Costa de
Beauregard.
157. Chlorolampis forficata, Ridgw. Pr. U.S., Nat. Mus.
vol. viii., p. 574.
Forked Tail Emerald.
ii4 Genera of Humming Birds.
Le Chlorolampe à quene fourchue.
Habitat. — Yucatan, Mexico.
Male. — Crown of head golden. Upperside bronze-green.
Underside bright metallic green. Wings purplish-brown.
Tail steel-blue with a broad bluish-gray spot at tips of the
four central rectrices. Vent white. Bill flesh colour with
black tips.
Total length, 3-fin. Wing, i-|. Tail, i-|. Culmen. \.
Female. — Upperside shining green with bronzy reflections,
especially on the head. Underside gray with green feathers
on sides of breast and on flanks. Vent white. Wings bluish-
black. Median rectrices green at base, rest steel-bluë, lateral
green at base, then steel-blue with grayish tips, outermost
bluish-black, with gray in the middle internally, and a large
white tip.
Total length, 3-Jm. Wing, ij-. Tail, i-|. Culmen, \.
My specimens were collected by Mr. Gaumer in Yucatan.
158. Chlorolampis caniveti, Less. Ois. Mouch, 1829,
pp. I74-I77-
Hylocharis caniveti, Gray, Gen., Birds, vol. i. p. 114.
Thaumatias caniveti, Bon., Consp., Gen., Av., 1850, vol. i.,
p. 78.
Riccordia caniveti, Reich. Aufz. der Colib., 1853, p. 8.
Sporadinus caniveti, Bon. Rev. and Mag, Zool., 1854, p. 224.
Chlorestes caniveti, Reich., Troch., Enum, 1855, p. 4.
Chlorolampis caniveti, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., t, iii.,
P- 47-
Canivet's Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v. p. 351.
Le Chlorolampe do Canivet, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou.,
1875, t. ii., p. 82.
Habitat. — Mexico.
Male. — Crown metallic gold. Upperside bronzy-green.
Underside metallic golden-green, with greenish reflections on
throat and breast. Wings, purplish-brown. Tail, bluish-black.
All the feathers with grayish tips, but more conspicuous on the
three median. Maxilla flesh colour for half its length, rest
black. Mandible flesh colour with black tips.
Total length, 3fin. Wing, i|-. Tail, i\. Culmen, ^ 6 .
Genera of Humming Birds. 115
Female. — Upperside bronzy-green, greenish on upper tail-
coverts. Underside «ray, tinged with bronze feathers on sides
of breast and flanks. Middle pair of rectrices bronze-green,
the next three green at base, then steel-blue with white tips,
the outermost black at base, then gray with a large subter-
minal bluish-black bar, and white tips. Ear-coverts black. A
narrow line of whitish-gray behind the eve.
This pretty species is common in Mexico. I have killed
many specimens at Tospam, near Cordoba. It was discovered
by Delattre, and dedicated by Lesson to Mr. Canivet, a French
naturalist.
159. CHLOROLAMPIS OSBERTI, Gould, Int. Troch., 1861,
P- m
Osbert's Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 352.
Le Chloralampe d'Osbert.
Habitat. — Guatemala, Nicaragua.
The only difference between this species and the preceding
one, consists in the colour of the underside, which is metallic
emerald-green on the throat and breast, and the colour of its
rectrices which are steel-blue with a narrow bronze tip on
central feathers, the tail is also shorter.
Total length, 3fin. Wing, if. Tail, if. Culmen, f.
I have one specimen from Bourcier, collected by Delattre
in Nicaragua, labelled Clorestes adnsta, which is precisely
alike.
160. CHLOROLAMPIS SALVINI, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein.,
[860, t. in, p. 48.
Salvin s Emerald.
Le Chlorolampe de Salvin.
Habitat. — Costa Rica.
Male. — Crown golden. Upperside golden-green. Under-
side metallic emerald-green. Wings purple-brown. Tail
steel-blue with a narrow bronze band at tips of central
feathers. Maxilla black. Mandible flesh colour for two-
thirds of its length, rest black.
Total length, 3?in. Wing, 2. Tail, i-J. Culmen, \.
Female. — Exactly like the female of C. caniveti, excepting
the mandible w T hich is flesh colour at base only, the rest black,
and the tips of rectrices, which are slightly more rounded.
1 16 . Genera of Humming Birds.
The specimens which I have of this species were collected,
by me at San José, Costa Rica, which lays on the Atlantic
slope. I think the great difference in the colouring of the
underside and bill entitles it to be considered as a species.
Genus LUI. Sporadinus, Bon., Rev. and Mag. Zool, 1854,
P- 255.
RiCORDiA, Reich., Aufz. der Col., 1853, p. 10.
Sporadicus, Cab. et Hein., Mus. Hein., i860, t. iii., p. 25.
ERASMIA, Heine, Journ fur Ornith, 1863, p. 91.
Marsyas, Muls., Cat. Ois. Mou., 1875, p. 13.
Type : S. ricordi, Gervais.
Bill as long as the head, straight. Nostrils naked. Wings
long, reaching near the end of the tail. Tail long, deeply
forked, tips of rectrices semi-rounded. Throat metallic.
Tarsi partly clothed. Sexes unlike.
Habitat. — -West Indiae Islands.
161. Sporadinus ricordi, Gerv. Rev. and Mag. Zool, 1835,
pi., 40-42.
Ornismya parzudaki, Less., Rev. Zool, 1838, p. 315.
Orthorhynchus ricordi ', Delia, Sagra. Hist. Cuba, 1840,
p. 128.
Hylocharis ricordi, Gray. Gen. Birds, vol. i., p, 114.
Ricordia raimondi, Reich., Aufz. der Col, 1853, p. 8.
Chlorestes raimondi, Reich. Troch. Enum., 1855, p. 4.
Sporadicus ricordi, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., i860, t.
iii. p. 25.
Sporadinus bracei, Lawr, Ann. N.Y. Acad, Scien, 1877, p.
50-
Ricord's Humming-bird, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p.
34«-
Le Sporadin de Ricord, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1875,
vol. ii., p. 75.
Habitat. — Cuba and Bahamas.
Male. — Upperside bronzy-green. Underside metallic,
emerald-green, bronzy on flanks and abdomen. Wings
purplish-brown. Median rectrices bronze, lateral purplish-
Genera of Humming Birds. 117
black, with bronze on outer webs. Undertail-coverts white.
Maxilla black. Mandible flesh colour with black tip. In one
specimen, collected by Mr. Gaumer in Cuba, the mandible
has only the base flesh colour.
Total length, 3|in. Wing, 2. Tail, if. Oilmen, f.
Female. — Upperside bronze-green. Underside grayish
white, washed with green on side of breast and flanks, the
outermost rectrices have bronze tips.
Same size as male.
This species was discovered by Mr. Alexandre Ricord, and
it was dedicated to him by Mr. Gervais. It is rare in the
collections.
162. SPORADIXUS ELEGANS, Vieill, Ois. Dor., 1802, vol. v.,
P- 3 2 -
Ornismya swainsoni, Less., Ois., Mou., 1829, p. 197.
Trochilus swainsoni, Nat. Lib. Hum. Birds, 1833, vol. ii.,
p. 132.
Hylocharis elegans, Gray, Gen. Birds, 1844-49, v °l- ' l -t P- 1 1 4-
Lampornis elegans, Bon. Consp., Gen. Av., 1850, vol. \. r
p. 72. '
Ricord ia elegans, Reich., Aufz. der Col., 1853, p. 8.
Chlorestes elegans, Reich., Troch. Enum., 1855, p. 4.
Sporadicus elegans, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., i860, t.
ni-, p- 25.
Sto. Domingo Humming-bird, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v. r
P- 347-
Le Sporadin élégant, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., vol. ii. r
p. 72.
Habitat. — Haiti and San Domingo.
Maie. — Upperside bronze-green. Throat bright metallic
green. Centre of breast black. Rest of underside shining
dark green. Wings purplish-brown. Tail dark brown, with a
bronze lustre on tips. Maxilla black. Mandible flesh colour
with black tip.
Total length, 4^in. Wing, 2§. Tail, 2. Culmen. -§-.
Female.— Upperside bronze-green, grayish on head. Lender-
side brownish-gray. Central tail feathers bronze-green, rest
ii8 Genera of Humming Birds.
gray, with subterminal black bars, some of the feathers glossed
with green.
I have only one male specimen of this very rare species.
Ex Costa de Beauregard's collection.
^"163. Sporadinus maugei, Vieill., Diet. Hist. Nat., 1817,
t. vii., p. 568.
Ornismyia maugei, Less. Ois. Mou., 1829, p. 194.
Thaumatias ourissia, Bp. Consp., Gen. Av., 1850, p. 79.
Trochilus maugei, Sund. Oefv. K. Vet. Akad. For., 1869,
p. 600.
Cho restes gertrudis, Gundl. Journ. fur. Ornith., 1874,
P- 3 r 5-
Marsyas maugei, Muls., Cat. Ois. Mou., 1875, p. 13.
Chlorolampis maugeus, Gundl., Ann. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat.,
1878, t. vii., p. 225.
Maugé's Humming Bird, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v.,
P- 349-
Le Sporadin de M auge, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1875,
vol. ii., p. 78.
Habitat. — Porto Rico.
Male.— Entire plumage bright green, the feathers showing
a golden tinge when held in the light. Throat dark blue,
golden-green in some lights. Tail dark blue. Wings dark
brown.
Female. — Underpart dull white, the central feathers of the
tail green, the rest grayish-green with a band of blue near the
tip, outer feathers tipped with grayish white.
Length, 3-35. Wing, 2. Tail, 1-25, Bill, 55.
The above descriptions were taken from the fine work,
Birds of the West Indies, by Cory, 1889, p. 154.
It is a very rare species and one of my desiderata.
It was discovered at Porto Rico by Mr. Maugé, and
dedicated to him, by Vieillot. The types are in the Paris
Museum.
Mr. Mulsant in his work, Hist. Nat. des Ois. Mouches, has
described a fourth species under the name of S. inccrtus; but
it is the same as S. elogans.
Genera of Humming Birds. 119
Genus LIV. Chlorostilbon, Gould, Int. Troch., 1861,
P- J 75-
CHLORESTES, Reich., Aufz. der Colib., 1853, p. 10.
CHLOROLAMPIS, Cab. and Hein., Mus., Hein., i860, t. iii., p. 47.
MERION, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1875, t. iii. p. 92.
TYPE. — T. pucherani, Bourcier.
Bill about the length of the head, straight, rather broad and
flat at base, terminating in a sharp point, flesh colour, with
black tips, or all black. Wings long, reaching nearly the
end of tail. Tail forked. Feet small. Tarsi clothed. Sexes
unlike.
Habitat. — Mexico, to Argentine Republic.
164. Chlorostilbon pucherani, Bourc and Muls., Rev.
Zool., 1848, p. 271.
Trochilus nitidis simus, Licht, Mus. Bérol.
Hylocharis pucherani, Bp., Rev. and Mag. Zool., 1854,
P- 255-
Chlorestes pucherani, Reich., Aufz. der Col., 1853, P- 7-
Chlorostilbon igneus, Gould, Int. Troch., p. 176.
Chlorostilbon insula ris, Lavvr. Ann. Lye, N.Y., t. 7, p. 457.
Hylocharis flav if rons j Pelz, Orn. Bras., p. 33.
Chlorostilbon bicolor, Reich., Videusk, Medd. For. Kjob.,
1870, p. 113.
Chlorostilbon prasinus, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 355.
Brazilian Eînerald, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 355.
Le Chlorostilbon de Pucheran.
Habitat. — South Eastern Brazil.
Male. — Crown golden-green. Upperside dark shining
green. Throat metallic bluish-green. Underside metallic
golden-green. Wings purple-brown. Tail blue-black. Bill
red at base, with black tip.
Total length, 3|in. Wing, i-i-. Tail, i-|. Culmen, y 7 ^-.
Female. — Upperside bronzy-green. Underside gray, tinged
with bronze feathers on sides of breast and flanks. Median
rectrices shining green, lateral bluish-black, with white tips.
Same size as male.
120 Genera of Humming Birds.
This species was dedicated by Mess. Bourcier and Mulsant
to Doctor Pucheran.
It is abundant in Brazil.
T65. Chlorostilbon wiedi, N. Sp.
Wied's Emerald.
r Emerande de Wied.
Habitat. — Brazil.
Male. — Crown metallic-gold. Upperside golden-green.
Throat metallic emerald-green. Breast, abdomen, flanks, and
undertail-coverts metallic golden-green. Wings purplish-
brown. Tail steel-blue. Maxilla, half of it, flesh colour, rest
black. Mandible flesh colour with black tip.
Total length, 3fin. Wing, i{. Tail, if. Culmen, T 7 -g.
Female. — Exactly like the preceding species.
I have several specimens of this new species, collected in
Brazil, by Delattre, with the name of Wiedi on the label,
so I thought very appropriate to keep it, in memory of Prince
Maximilian de Wied.
*i66. Chlorostilbon egregius, Heine, Journ. fur Ornith,
1863, p. 198.
Hylocharis bicolor ) Burm., S.Ueb., ii, p. 348.
Hylocharis flavifrons, Pelz., Orn. Bras. p. 33.
Trochilus audeberti, Var, Wied, Beitr. Nat. Gesch. Bras,
t. iv., p. 69.
Taquara 's Emerald.
E Emeraude de Taquara.
Habitat. — Taquara, Brazil.
Intermedius quasi statura rostrique longitudine ac vigore
inter C. phaethontem, et C. pucherani ; hoc vero omnino
similior splendore smaragdineo-virente potius quam flavido-
aurescente, gutture splendidissime secundum quandam solis
lucem in colorem sapphirino-smaragdineum nonnihil vergente.
Long tot, 3 " 7 "\ al, 1 » 9^ "\ caud, 1 " 3 "'. Culm., 8 "".
Type in Berlin Museum.
Genera of Humming Birds. 121
167. Chlorostilbon SPLENDIDUS, Vieill., Diet. Hist. Nat.,
1817, t. vii., p. 361.
Ornismya anreiventris, D'Orb and Laf., Syn. Av. 1838,
t. ii, p. 28.
Trochilus phœton, Bourc. Rev. Zool., 1848, p. 274.
Clorestes phseton, Reich., Aufz. der Colib., 1853, p. 7.
Hylocharis phœton, Bon. Rev. and Mag., Zool., 1854,
P- 255-
Chlorolampis phœthon, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., i860,
t. iii., p. 48.
Glittering Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch. vol. v., p. 354.
Le Chlorostilbon splendide, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou.,
1875, t. ii., p. 94.
Habitat. — Bolivia and Argentine Republic.
Male. — Upperside golden-green. Throat metallic emerald
green. Breast and abdomen metallic golden-green, greenish
on breast. Undertail-coverts, black at base, then shiningf
green. Wings purplish-brown. Tail steel-blue. Maxilla
flesh colour for half its length, rest black. Mandible flesh
colour, with black tip. A tuft of white feathers beneath the
vent.
Total length, 3|in. Wing, 2. Tail, if. Culmen, -j-i-.
Female. — Upperside bronze-green. Underside gray. Flanks
bronzy. Tail bluish-black, two lateral feathers tipped with
grayish-white.
I have several specimens of this rare species collected by
Mess. Buckley in Bolivia, Flamand at Corrientes, Argentine
Republic, and Laglaize at San Salvador, High Paraguay.
168. Chlorostilbon chrysogaster, Bourc, Rev. Zool.,
1843, P- I01 -
Hylocharis chrysogaster, Bon. Consp., Gen. Av., 1850, vol.
i., p. 74.
Chlorestes chrysogastra, Reich., Aufz. der Colib., 1853,
p. 7.
Chlorolampis haeberlini, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., i860,
t. iii., p. 48.
Chlorostilbon nitens, Lawr, Ann. N.Y. Lye. Nat. Hist.,
1861, p. 305.
122 Genera of Humming Birds.
Ruddy-Breasted Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch., Suppl.,
1886, p. 98.
Le Chlorostilbon de la Colombie.
Habitat.— Columbia, Panama.
Male. — Crown metallic golden-green. Upperside dark
golden-green. Underside metallic emerald-green, golden on
flank, abdomen, and undertail-coverts. Wing purplish-blue.
Tail steel-blue, deeply forked. Maxilla black. Mandible
flesh colour, with black tip. A tuft of white feathers on
lower part of vent.
This species was discovered at Sta Marta, Columbia, by
Delattre.
Type of Bourcier in my Collection.
169. Chlorostilbon inespectata, Berlespch Ornith.
Centralbl, 1879, p. 63.
Panychlora inexpectata, Berl. Ornith. Centralbl, 1879,
p. 63.
Unexpected Emerald.
Le Chlorostilbon inattendu.
Habitat. — Bogota, Columbia.
P. haeberlini Cab. and Hein., subsimilis, mandibulae basi
(eodem modo), carnea, differt rectricibus omnibus obscure
(sed splendide) viridibus (nee chalybeis), canda minus quam
in P. haeberlini furcata, rostro longiore, fronte prasino-viridi.
Long lat, 74-5, cauda, 27, ala, 47.5, rostro, 17.75.
170. Chlorostilbon speciosus, Boucard, Hum. Bird, 1892,
p. 79.
Precious Emerald.
Le Chlorastilbon précieux.
Habitat. — Columbia.
Male. — Upperside dark olive-green. Tail steel-blue. Wings
purplish-brown. Underside, including tail-coverts, shining
olive-green. Maxilla black. Mandible flesh colour with
black tip.
Total length, 3fin. Wing, 2. Tail, \\. Culmen, -^.
Eemale. — Unknown, but probably like the preceding
species.
Type : Unique in my collection.
Genera of Humming Birds. 123
171. Chlorostilbon angustipennis, Fraz., P.Z.S., 1840,
p. 18.
Hylocharis angustipennis, Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. i., p. 114.
P- 75-
Chrysuronia phseopyga, Bon. Consp. Gen. Av., 1850, vol. i.,
Prasites phseopyga, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., i860, t.
iii., p. 47.
Chrysomirus angustipennis, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou.,
1875, t. ii., p. 102.
Columbian Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 353.
Le Chrysomire angustipemie, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou.,
1875, t. 11, p. 103.
Habitat. — Columbia.
Male. — Upperside golden-green. Throat metallic emerald
green, sometimes golden. Undertail-coverts shining grass-
green. Wings purplish-blue. Tail blue-black, deeply
forked. Maxilla black. Mandible flesh colour, with black tip.
Total length, 3§in. Wing, 2. Tail, i^. Culmen, -~.
Female. — Upperside bronzy-green, greener on upper tail-
coverts. Underside gray washed, with green on flanks.
Median rectrices green at base, rest blue-black, lateral green
at base, then blue-black tipped gray, external one gray at
base, then crossed by a broad steel-blue band, and tipped
gray. Maxilla black. Mandible flesh colour at base, the rest
black.
Common in Columbia.
172. Chlorostilbon melanorhynchus, Gould, P.Z.S., i860,
p. 308.
Chlorostilbon comptus, Berlepsch, Ibis, 1887, p. 296.
Golden Green Emerald.
Emeraude vert-doré.
Habitat. — Ecuador and Columbia.
Male. — Crown metallic-golden. Upperside shining bronze-
green. Throat and upper part of breast metallic emerald-
green. Rest of underside golden-green. A tuft of white
feathers on each side of lower part of vent. Tail steel-blue,
deeply forked. Rectrices narrow. Win^s purplish-brown.
Bill black.
O
124 Genera of Humming Birds.
Total length, 3|ift. Wing, if. Tail, if. Culmen, f.
Female. — Upperside bronze-green, duller on head. Under-
tail-coverts shining green. Underside whitish-gray, speckled
with bronze-green on sides of breast and flanks. Median
rectrices green, with bluish tips, lateral green at base, then
steel-blue with white tips. Bill black.
Total length, 3fin. Wing, if. Tail, ij. Culmen, \±.
I have not been able to see any difference between the
specimens which I have from Columbia, collected at Antioquia,
Columbia, by Mr. Salmon, and those collected by Buckley at
Ecuador. Therefore I think that Chlo ro stilbon melanorhynchus,
comptas, Berlepsch is not a valid species.
173. CHLOROSTILBON ASSIMILIS, Lawr., Ann., N.Y., Lye.
Nat. His., i860, p. 292.
Chlorolampis assimilis, Heine., Journ. fur Ornith., 1863,
p. 202.
Veragua Emerald.
Emeraude de Veragua.
Habitat. — Veragua and Colon (Panama).
Male. — Upperside shining golden-green. Throat metallic
golden-green with greenish reflections, rest of underside
metallic golden. Undertail-coverts shining green. Tail purple-
blue. Wings purplish-black. Bill black. A tuft of white
feathers under vent.
Total length, 2-Jin. Wing, if. Tail, i-|. Culmen, T 9 g-.
Female. — Like the preceding species, but much smaller.
This species is closely allied to the preceding, but much
smaller, easily to be distinguished by the golden-reddish
colour of the upperside, and the colour of its tail.
The specimens in my collection were collected by Arcé in
Veragua, and by me at Colon.
I have another male specimen collected by me, at Panama
in December, 1876, which is of the same size, with all the
upperside shining green, and all the underside metallic
emerald-green. I propose the name of Chlorostilbon
panamensis for it, if it should prove new.
174. Chlorostilbon atala, Less, Hist. Nat. Troch., 1831,
p. 118.
Hylocharis atala, Gray, Gen. Birds, 1844-49, v °l- L > P- 115
Genera of Humming Birds. 125
Chlorostilbon atala, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 356.
Saucerottia atala, Bon. Consp., Gen. Av., 1850, vol. i.,
P- 77-
Chlorestes atala, Reich., Troch., Enum., 1855, p. 4.
Chlorostilbon caribacus, Lawr., Ann., N.Y., Lye, Nat. Hist.,
vol. x., p. 2.
Atala's Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p, 356.
Le Chrysomire atala, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou.. 1875,
t. ii., p. 105.
Habitat. — Trinidad, Venezuela, and Columbia.
Male. — Crown metallic-golden. Upperside golden-green.
Uppertail-coverts shining green. Underside metallic emerald-
green, golden on flanks and abdomen. Wings purplish-brown.
Tail steel-black. Bill black. White tuft of feathers on each
side under the vent.
Total length, 3-J-in. Wing, i-J-J-. Tail, i-i Culmen, f.
Female. — Upperside golden-green, brownish on head.
Underside grayish-white, washed with a few green feathers
on flanks. Median rectrices bluish-green, lateral bluish-green
at base, then steel-blue with white tips. Bill black.
My Venezuelan specimens were collected, by Doctor Carlos
Rojas, of Caracas.
Genus LV. Smaragdochrysis, Gould.
Smaragdochrysis, Gould, Int. Troch., 1861, p. 180.
Type : C. iridescens, Gould.
Bill longer than the head, straight and slender. Wings
small, primaries narrow and rigid. Tail of moderate size
and deeply forked Tarsi clothed. Feet small ; hind toe and
nail nearly as long as the middle one (Gould, loc. cit.)
Habitat. — Brazil.
*i75- Smaragdochrysis iridescens, Gould, Mon. Troch.,
vol. v., p. 159.
Iridescent Humming-bird \ Gould, Mon. Troch, vol. v., p.
359-
l Emeraude irisé.
I2Ô Genera of Humming Birds.
Habitat. — Novo-Friburgo (Brazil.)
• Male. — ? The whole of the body, including the upper
and undertail-coverts, iridescent pale green, and light coppery
red, most brilliant on the throat ; the deeply-forked tail steely
dark brown, each feather tipped with a more bronzy or
purplish hue, which is seen only in certain lights ; upper
mandible and the tip of the lower one black, the remainder
of the latter apparent reddish flesh-colour (Gould, loc. cit.)
Total length, 3çin. Wing, i-^-. Tail, \\. Bill, f.
Female. — Unknown.
It is a very rare species, and one of my desiderata. It has
been discovered by Mr. Reeves, at Novo-Friburgo.
Genus LVI. Ptochoptera, Elliot, Ibis, 1874, p. 261.
Type : T. iolaema, Pelzen.
Bill moderately long, straight, sharply pointed. Wings
extremely short, a little over one-third the entire length of
the bird. Tail long, deeply forked. Feathers narrow, outer
ones curving slightly inwards. Tail-coverts very long, reaching
to the fork of the tail. (Elliot, loc. cit.)
Habitat. — Brazil.
^176. Ptochoptera iolaema, Reich, Aufz. der Col., 1853,
p. 8.
Thalurania iolaema, Yon Pelz., Ornith. Braz., p. 57.
Natterer's Wood Nymph, Gould, Mon. Troch. Suppl., p. 48.
Le Ptochoptère à gorge verte, Muls., Hist. Nat Ois. Mou.,
1875, t. ii., p. 89.
Habitat — Brazil.
Male. — Top of head and nape dull dark green, entire upper
parts grass-green, only slightly metallic. The tail-coverts are
a lighter green than the back, and reach to the fork of the tail.
Throat pale metallic grass-green. Rest of underparts pale
smokv-brown, with some of the flank feathers tipped with
grass-green. Undertail-coverts long, same colour as the
abdomen, with a slight metallic greenish lustre on the centre
of feathers. Tail long, deeply forked, dark purplish-brown.
Feathers very narrow. Wings purplish-brown. Bill and feet
black.
Geneia of Humming Birds. 127
Total length, 4|in. Wing, if. Tail, 2. Culmen, \.
Female. — Unknown.
Type unique in the Vienna Zoological Museum.
It has been discovered by Mr. Natterer.
GENUS LVII. Prasitis, Cab., and Heine, Mus. Hein.,
i860, t. iii., p. 49.
TYPE : O. prasina, Lesson.
Bill slightly longer than the head, straight and acutely
pointed, all black. Wings narrow and long. Tail short, very
slightly forked or even. Rectrices wide. Feet small. Tarsi
clothed. Sexes unlike.
Habitat. — Veragua, Panama, Columbia, Venezuela, Guiana,
Trinidad, Ecuador and Peru.
177. Prasitis prasina, Less, Ois. Mou., pp. 35- 188, pi. 65.
Hylocharis prasinus, Bon. Consp. Gen. Av., 1850, vol. i.,
p. 74.
Chlorestes prasina, Reich., Aufz. der Col., 1853, p. 7.
Prasitis prasina, Cab. and Heine., Mus. Hein., i860, t. iii.,
p. 49.
Chlorostilbon prasinus, Elliot, Ibis., 1875, p. 163.
Chrysomirus prasinus, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1875,
t. ii., p. 108.
Chlorostilbon subfurcatus, Salv. Berl., Ibis., 1887, p. 297.
Guiana Emerald.
Le Chrysomire Orvert, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1875,
t. ii., p. 109.
Habitat. — Guiana.
Male. — Crown metallic golden-green. Rest of upperside
bronze-green. Uppertail-coverts green. Throat and upper
part of breast metallic emerald - green, with bluish hue.
Abdomen and flanks metallic golden-green. Wings purplish-
brown. Tail blue-black, nearly even. Bill black.
Total length, 3iin. Wing, i-|. Tail, 1. Culmen, f.
Female. — Upperside shining green, bronzy on head. Under-
side gray, washed with a few green feathers on sides of
128 Genera of Humming Birds.
breast and flanks. Tail steel -black, nearly even, lateral
rectrices tipped with gray. Bill black.
Several of my specimens of this species were collected by
Mr. H. Whitely, at Roraima, British Guiana.
I have placed Chlorostilbon subfurcatus, Berlepsch, as a
synonym of Prasitis prasinus, because I have not been able
to see any difference between the specimens from Cayenne
and those of Roraima.
*i78. Prasitis stuebeli, Mey., Z., Gen. Ornith., 1884, p. 206.
Stuebel's Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch., Suppl., 1886, p. 99.
/' Emeraude de Stuebel.
Habitat. — Yungas, Bolivia.
Male. — Upper surface bronzy-green, head coppery ; below
golden-green, the breast bluish. Wings purplish-brown. Tail
black, tinged with violet-purple. Bill black.
Total length, 3 Jin. Wing, 1 y^-. Tail, 1. Culmen, j.
This species belongs to the genus Prasitis, on account
of the form of its tail, which is slightly emarginated, the
rectrices being rather broad. It resembles more C. atala
than any other species.
This rare species was discovered in Bolivia, by Doctor
Stùebel, and dedicated to him, by Doctor Adolf Meyer, of
Dresden.
The type is at the Museum of Dresden.
179. Prasitis daphne, Bon. Rev. Zool., 1854, p. 255.
Trochilus phaeopygos, Tsch. Faun. Per., p. 247,.
Metallura phaeopygos, Reich., Aufz. der Col., p. 8.
Chlorostilbon napensis, Gould, Intr. Troch., 186 1, p. 177.
Chlorostilbon peruanus, Gould, Intr. Troch., 1861, p. 177.
Chlorostilbon brevicaudatus, Gould, Intr. Troch, 1861, p. 178.
Peruvian Emerald.
V Emeraude du Pérou.
Habitat. — Trinidad, Guiana, Peru.
Male. — Upperside golden-green. Uppertail-coverts shining
green. Throat metallic green, with bluish reflections. Breast,
sides of neck, and abdomen metallic golden. A patch of
Genera of Humming Birds. 129
white on lower part of vent on each side. Rectrices steel-
blue, short, of same length. Wings purplish-black. Bill
black.
Total length, 3in. Wing, i-|. Tail, -J. Culmen, -|.
Female. — Upperside shining green. Throat and centre of
abdomen gray. Rest of underside shining green. Ear coverts
brownish-green. A spot of gray behind the eyes. Tail steel-
blue, outermost rectrice tipped gray.
It is a rare species. My specimens were collected by Mr.
Hauxwell at Nauta (Pérou). I have some others, which I
believe to be from Trinidad.
Genus LVIII. Panychlora, Cab. and Heine, Mus. Hein.,
i860, t. iii., p. 49.
Type : T. aliciae Bourcier.
Bill as long as the head, straight. Feathers of forehead
projecting on culmen. Nostrils hidden. Wings long, reaching
the end of tail. Tail short, slightly forked. Rectrices narrow.
Feet small. Tarsi partly clothed. Underside brilliantly coloured
in males. Sexes unlike.
Habitat. — Venezuela and Columbia.
180. Panychlora Alicia, Boure. and Muls., Rev. Zool. r
1848, p. 274.
Chlorostilbon aliciae, Bon. Rev. and Mag. Zool., 1854,
p. 239.
Smaragditis aliciae, Reich., Aufz. der Col., 1853, p. 7.
Chlorestes alice, Reich., Troch., Enum., 1855, p. 4.
Alice's Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 357.
Le Panychlore d'Alice, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1875,
t. ii., p. 1 16.
Habitat. — Venezuela and Columbia.
Male. — Crown golden. Upperside shining golden-green.
Underside metallic dark golden-green. Tail dark green with
blackish reflections. Rectrices narrow, nearly even. Wings
purplish brown. Bill black.
Total length, 2|in. Wing, i\. Tail, 1. Culmen, \.
Female. — Upperside bronzy-green. Underside grayish-
white. Median rectrices green, lateral green at base, then
black, tipped with gray.
130 Genera of Humming Birds.
My specimens of this uncommon species were collected by
my friend, Doctor Carlos Rojas, in Venezuela.
*i8i. PANYCHLORA MICANS, Salv., Ann. and Mag., Nat. Hist.,
1891, p- 375-
Brillant Emerald.
le Panychlore brillant.
Habitat. — ?
Male. — Similar to that of P. aliciae, and about the same
size. The whole plumage is of a rich reddish-golden hue,
brighter and redder on the crown. The tail is very dark, and
of more bronzy tint than in all the allied species ; but the
outer rectrices are distinctly green, and not coppery-bronze as
in P. russata ; moreover, the tail is slightly forked.
Possibly a variety of P. aliciae.
Unique in the British Museum, " Ex Gould Collection/'
182. PANYCHLORA, EUCHLORIS, Reich., Aufz der Col, 1853,
pp. 7-23.
P any Mora poortmani major } Beriepsch, Journ fur Ornith.,
1884, p. 313.
Panychlora aurata, Cab. and Heine., Mus. Hein., vol. iii.,
p. 49.
Golden Emerald
V Emeraude doré.
Habitat. — Columbia.
Male. — Crown metallic yellowish-green. Upperside bronze-
green. Underside yellowish luminous green. A tuft of
white feathers under vent, on each side. Tail shining bronze-
green. Bill black, longer than in the preceding species.
Wings purplish-brown.
Total length, 3gin. Wing, if. Tail, 1. Culmen, -§-.
Female. — Exactly like the preceding species, with crown
golden.
Common in Columbia.
183. PANYCHLORA POORTMANI, Bourcier, Rev. Zool, 1843,
p. 2.
Hylocharis poortmani, Gray, Gen. Birds., vol. i., p. 115.
Chlorestes poortmani, Reich., Aufz. der Col., 1853, p. 7.
Genera of Humming Birds. 131
Sma? agditis esmeralda, Reich., Aufz. der Col., 1853, p. 7.
Panychlora maculicollis, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., 1860,
t. iii., p. 49.
Poortman's Emerald. Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 358.
le Panychlore de Poortman, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou.,
1875, vol. ii., p. 1 12.
Habitat. — Columbia.
Male. — Upperside shining green, metallic on crown.
Underside metallic orrass-srreen. A tuft of white feathers
under vent, on each side. Tail slightly forked, bronzy-green.
Wings purplish-brown. Bill black.
Total length, 3Jin. Wing, i-|. Tail, 1. Culmen, f.
Female. — Upperside dull golden-green, with brownish
orange tint on crown. Underside gray. Median rectrices
green, lateral green at base, then black tipped grayish-white.
Very common in Columbia. Dedicated to Mr. Théodore
Poortman, by Bourcier.
*i84- Panychlora russata, Salv. and Godm., Ibis, 188 1,
P- 597-
Coppery Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch., Suppl., 1886, p. 101.
le Panychlore à queue cuivrée.
Habitat. — Columbia.
Male. — Very closely allied to P. poortmani, from which it
differs only by the russet coppery hue of the tail, and wing-
coverts. The tail feathers are wide, and rounded at their
ends, rather longer than in other species of this genus.
It was discovered in the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, by
Mr. F. Simons. The type " Ex. Salv. and Godm. Coll." is in
the British Muse um.
185. PANYCHLORA STENURA, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein.,
i860, t. iii, p. 50.
Chlorostilbon acusticandus, Gould, i860, P.Z.S., p. 308.
Panychlora aliciae, Wyatt, Ibis, 187 1, p. 379.
Venezuelan Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch., Suppl., 1886,
p. 100.
P
132 Genera of Humming Birds.
Le Panychlore à queue étroite, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou.,
1875, t. ii., p. 1 [8.
Habitat — Merida, Venezuela.
Male. — Crown metallic green. Upperside shining golden-
green. Underside metallic emerald-green. Undertail-
coverts shining green. Tail bronze-green with blackish
reflections. Median rectrices long with round tips, lateral
very narrow, pointed, slightly longer, outermost ones ex-
cessively narrow and longer still. Wings purplish-brown.
Bill black.
Total length, 3fin. Wing, i|-. Tail, i-J. Culmen, J-.
Female. — Upperside golden-green. Uppertail-coverts
shining green. Underside gray. Ear-coverts brownish-
black. A white line behind the eyes. Wings dark brown.
Median rectrices green, lateral green, then bluish-black with
gray tips, outermost ones grav at base, then steel-blue with a
large gray spot at tip. Bill black.
Total length, 3-fin. Wing, i|-. Tail, i|-. Culmen, |-.
It is a rare species. All my specimens were collected at
Merida, Venezuela.
FAMILY VIII. AMAZILIIDAB,
or Family of Large Emeralds and Sapphires.
Bill usually flesh colour with black tips ; in some genera
the maxilla and tip of mandible are black, in others it is all
black, about the same length as the head, straight, rather
wide at base, terminating to a sharp point. Body small or of
medium size Wings long and narrow. Rectrices of tail
narrow, of medium length, and more or less rounded, forked
in some genera, in others the outermost rectrices are slightly
shorter than the others, as in the genera Lêucippus, Leucoch-
loris, Aithurus, Eupherusa, etc. Sexes unlike. All the
undersides of males are more or less brilliantly coloured
emerald green or sapphirine blue. Tarsi more or less clothed.
In the genera Saucerottia and Amazilia the tarsi are very
clothed.
Type: Amazilia Reich, Av. Syst. Nat., 1849, P L 39-
Range. — Mexico, Central and South America, to Argen-
tine Republic.
Genera of Humming Birds. 133
This is a large family, containing many distinct genera ;
all of them closely allied to one another.
Genus LIX. Damophila, Reich, Aufz. der Col., 1853,
p. 7.
JULIAMYIA, Bp. Rev. and Mag. Zool., 1854, p. 255.
TYPE : J. Juliae, Bourcier.
Bill as long as the head, straight and pointed. Tail
cuneate, feathers narrow, and slightly pointed, outermost
narrower, and much shorter than the others. Wings moderate,
feathers very narrow. Tarsi bare. Sexes unlike.
Habitat. — Columbia and Ecuador.
186. Damophila Typica, Bon. Rev. and Mag. Zool., 1854,
P- 255-
Omismyia Juliae, Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 373.
Ornismya feliciana, Leis, Rev. Zool., 1844, p. 433.
Hylocharis Juliae, Gray, Gen. Bird, vol. 1., p. 114.
Damophila Julia, Reich, Aufz. der Col. 1853, p. 7.
Juliamya typica, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v, p. 337.
Felicia s Humming Bird, Gould, Mon. Troch., Suppl., 1886.
P- 95-
Le Damophile de Julie, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1875,
t. ii, p. 57.
Habitat. — Columbia, Ecuador.
Male. — Forehead and throat, glittering metallic grass-green,
sometimes with golden reflections. Rest of upperside dark
shining green, passing into bronze on the lower part of back.
Tail steel-black. Breast, abdomen, and flanks shining Prussian
blue. Undertail-coverts blue-black. Wings purplish-brown.
Maxilla black. Mandible flesh colour, with black tip.
Total length, 3m. Wing, if. Tail i\. Culmen, -^-.
Female. — Upperside bronze-green. Underside gray washed
with green feathers on sides of breast and on flank. Centre
of abdomen and tuft under vent, white. Lateral tail feathers
tipped white.
This beautiful species was dedicated by Bourcier, to Miss
Anne Julie Roncheval, afterwards Mrs. Mulsant.
134 • Genera of Humming Birds.
I have put D. feliciana as a synonym of this species, as
there is no difference at all between the specimens from
Ecuador and Columbia. The colour of the crown of the head
exists, exactly the same, in adult male specimens from
Columbia, as in those from Ecuador. I have a good series of
this species from Ecuador and Columbia.
187. DAMOPHILA PANAMENSIS, Berl. Journ. for Ornith., 1884,
P- 3I3-
Juliamyia typica, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N.Y., t. vi, p. 202.
Damophila juliae, Sclat and Salv., P.Z.S., 1864, p. 365.
Panama Humming Bird,
le Damophile de Panama.
Habitat. — Panama.
Male. — Very similar to that of D. juliae, but with the crown
shining green like the back ; not glittering like the throat.
Genus LX. Cyanophaia, Reich., Aufz. der Col., 1853,
p. 10.
Hylocharis, Bon. Rev. and Mag. Zool., 1854, p. 255.
Lepidopyga, Reich., Troch., Enum., 1855, p. 7.
Emilia j Muls. and Verr. Troch., 1865, p. 41.
TYPE : T. coeruleigularis, Gould.
Bill a little longer than the head, slightly curved. Tail
forked, feathers narrow and pointed. Wings long and narrow.
Tarsi covered. Sexes unlike.
Habitat. — Veragua, Panama, Columbia.
188. Cyanophaia caeruleigularis, Gould, P.Z.S., 1850,
p. 163.
Trochilus duchaissingi, Bourc. Compt. Rend., xxxii, p. 163.,
1851.
Cyanochloris caeruleigularis, Reich., Aufz. der Col., p. ro.
Lepidopyga coeruleigularis, Reich., Troch. Enum., 1855,
p. 7.
Sapphironia dnchaissaingi, Bon. Rev. and Mag. Zool., 1854,
p. 256.
Thalurania coelina, Bourc, Rev. and Mag. Zool., 1856,
P- 552.
Genera of Humming Birds. 135
Blue-throated Sapphironia, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v.,
p. 346.
Le Lepidopyge à gorge bleue, Muls., Hist. Nat, Ois. Mou.,
1875, t. xi, p. 69.
Habitat. — Veragua and Panama.
Maie. — Upperside shining bronze-green, reddish on upper
tail-coverts. Median rectrices bronze-green, lateral bluish-
black. Throat and chest metallic violet-blue. Flanks and
abdomen shining grass-green. A tuft of white feathers on
each side of anal region. Undertail-coverts shining green,
margined with gray. Wings purplish-brown. Maxilla black.
Mandible flesh colour with black tips.
Total length, 3fin. Wing, 2 \. Tail, if. Culmen, -|.
Female. — Upperside golden-green, darker on forehead.
Central rectrices bronze-green, lateral bluish-black, tipped
white. Underside white, washed with shining green feathers
on sides and middle of breast, and on flanks. Undertail-
coverts white. Same size as male.
I collected several specimens of this fine and rare species
at Colon (Panama).
189. Cyanophaia GOUDOTI, Bourc, Rev. Zool., 1843, p. 100.
Polytmus goudoti, Gray, Gen. Birds, Vol. 1, p. 77.
Saucerottia goudoti, Bon. Consp., Gen. Av., 1850, vol. i.,
p. 79.
Chalybura goudoti, Reich., Aufz. der Col., 1853, p. 10.
Hylocharis goudoti, Bon. Rev. and Mag. Zool., 1854, p. 255.
Agyrtria goudoti, Reich., Troch. Enum., 1855, p. 7.
Sapphironia goudoti, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 345.
Lepidopyga goudoti, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., i860,
t. iii., p. 40.
Emilia goudoti, Muls., Hist. Nat., Ois. Mou., 1875, t. ii.;
p. 64.
Sapphironia luminosa, Lawr. Ann., N.Y., Lye. Nat. Hist.,
1862, vol. vii., p. 458.
Green-breasted Sapphironia, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v.,
P- 345-
L'Emilie de Goudot, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1875,
t. ii., p. 65.
136 Genera of Humming Birds.
Habitat. — Columbia.
Male. — Upperside shining grass-green. Underside glitter-
ing bluish-green in some specimens; in others, glittering
yellowish-green. Median rectrices bronzy-green, lateral pur-
plish-black. Undertail-coverts shining green, narrowly edged
with grayish-white. A tuft of white feathers on sides of anal
region. Wings purplish-brown. Maxilla black. Mandible
flesh colour with black tip.
Total length, 3|in. Wing, 2. Tail, if. Culmen, -J--J-.
Female. — Upperside bronze-green. Underside grayish-
white washed with green feathers on sides of breast, abdomen
and flanks. Median rectrices bronzy-green, lateral purplish-
black, tipped gray.
Very abundant in Columbia, where it was discovered by
the naturalist Goudot, who explored Columbia during many
years. He died in that country. It is probable that many of
the Columbian species of Humming Birds were sent first to
Europe, by him, and by Boissoneau.
I have put C. luminosa, Lawr as a synonym of C. goudoti ;
because I have many specimens which correspond exactly to
his description of that species, and I consider them all, as C.
goudoti.
Genus LXI. Arinia, Muls., Ann., Soc, Linn., 1877.
TYPE: A. boucardi, Mulsant.
Bill subcylindrical, until near the point, when it is slightly
swollen, shorter than half the body. Tail slightly forked.
Rectrices narrow and pointed. Wings narrow, reaching for
three fourths, the length of median rectrices. The external
rectrices are slightly shorter than the next ones. Sexes unlike.
Habitat. — Costa Rica.
190. Arinia BOUCARDI, Muls., Ann. Soc, Linn., Lyon., 1877.
Sapphironia boucardi, Boucard, P.Z.S., 1878, p. 70.
Boucard 's Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch.,Suppl., 1886, p. 81.
L'Arène de Boucard, Muls., His. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1878, t.
iv., p. 194.
Habitat. — Costa Rica.
Genera of Humming Birds. 137
Male. — Upperside shining bronzy-green. Median rectrices
shining bronze-green, next bronze-green with black tip,
remaining lateral feathers bronze-green at base, rest purplish
black, with a very slight gray margin at tips. Throat and
breast shining green. Abdomen and undertail-coverts white.
Flanks white, washed with green feathers. Wings purple-
brown. Maxilla black. Mandible flesh colour, with black tip.
Total length, 4m. Wing, 2. Tail, iy 9 ^. Culmen, J-.
Female. — Differs only from the male by the underside, which
is grayish-white, washed with green feathers on sides of neck,
breast and flanks, and the lateral feathers of tail, which are
slightly tipped gray. Size same as male.
Types in my collection.
I discovered this new genus, and new species in May 1877,
at Punta Arenas (Costa Rica), during the two days that I had
to wait for the steamer, in which I was pursuing my voyage to
Guatemala. They were searching for food in some flowers of
a species of Magnolia, and I consider that I w 7 as very fortunate,
because, although I collected some great rarities in birds
during my stay in Costa Rica, this was the only new species
of Humming Bird which I found, with the exception of
Oreopyra pectoralis, Salv., which at that time we thought to
be the same as O. calolaema, but in fact, I was the discoverer
of that species also.
Genus LXII. Chrysuronia, Bon. Consp. Gen. Av., 1850,
vol. i., p. 75.
Chrysurus, Bon. Compt. Rendus. 1850. p. 382.
Chrysurisca, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., i860, t. iii. p. 42..
Type : O. Aeno?ie, Lesson.
Bill slightly longer than the head, broad at base, and rather
flat, graduating rapidly to a sharp point. Nostrils exposed.
Wings long, reaching the end of tail. Tail forked in some
species, in others slightly rounded. Rectrices narrow. Feet
large. Tarsi clothed. Sexes unlike.
Habitat. — Central America to Argentine Republic.
191. CHRYSURONIA AENONE, Less, Ois. Mou, Suppl., p. 157.
Polytmus aenone, Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. i., p. 109.
Chrysurisca aenone, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., i860, t. iii.,
p. 42.
138 Genera of Humming Birds.
Oenone Humming Bird, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 325.
La Chrysuronie Oenone, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1875,
t. ii., p. 7.
Habitat. — Trinidad, Venezuela, Guiana.
Male. — Head and throat deep shining blue. Upperside
shining grass-green, golden on rump. Upper tail-coverts fiery
golden-bronze. Underside metallic yellowish-green. Under-
tail-coverts bronze edged with gray. Tail metallic golden-
bronze. Wings purplish-brown. Maxilla black. Mandible
flesh colour with black tip.
Total length, 3fin. Wing, 2 \, Tail, i\. Culmen, -|.
Female. — Upperside shining green. Uppertail-coverts
bronze. Median rectrices bronze, lateral bronze at base, then
black, tipped with grayish-white. Underside white, tinged
with green feathers on sides of breast and flanks. Undertail-
coverts greenish-gray. Slightly smaller than male.
192. Chrysuronia LONGIROSTRIS, Berlepsch, Krit. Neb.,
1888, p. 20.
Habitat. — Columbia, Ecuador.
The only difference between this species and the preceding
one is the length of the bill, which is one eighth of an inch
longer. I hardly think it is sufficient to consider it as a species.
I possess two specimens collected by Buckley in Ecuador,
one has the tail greenish-bronze instead of reddish-bronze,
the other has all the underside, excepting the throat, metallic
gold.
^193. Chrysuronia humboldti, Bourc. and Muls., Ann.
Soc. Phys. Lyon, 1852, p. 142.
Chrysurisca hmnboldti, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., i860,
t. iii, p. 42.
Thaumatias viridicaudus, Lawr. Ann. Lye, Nat. Hist. N.Y.,
1866, p. 403.
Humboldt's Humming Bird, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v.,
P- 3 2 7-
La Chrysuronie de Humboldt, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou.,
1878, t. iv., p. 187.
Habitat. — Ecuador.
Genera of Humming Birds. 139
Male. — Top of head and throat dark purple-blue. Upper
surface golden-green, bronzy on the rump. Wings purplish-
brown. Undersurface shining light bronzy-green with a
white streak in the centre of the abdomen. Tail dark bronzy-
green with a bluish shade on the central feathers. Under-
tail-coverts white. Bill flesh colour or red, (?) tip black.
Feet brown.
Total length, 4m. Wing, 2§. Tail, 1^-. Culmen, -J.
Female. — Upperparts coppery-bronze. Undersurface dull
"white spangled with green. Central tail feathers dark green,
lateral ones bronzy-green, graduating into dark brown, and
tipped with white.
Total length, 4m. Wing, 2f. Tail, \\. Culmen, J. (Elliot
loc. cit.)
Typical specimens in Elliot and British Museum Collections.
194. CHRYSURONIA NEERA, Less and Del., Rev. Zool., 1839,
p. 18.
Ornismya josephinae, Bourc. and Muls., Rev. Zool., 1848,
P I 2 -
Trochilus josephinae, Gray, Gen. Birds, Suppl., vol. iii., 30a.
Chrysurisca josephinae, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein, i860,
t. iii., p. 10.
Avyrtria caeruleiceps, Gould, P.Z.S., i860, p 307.
Josephine* s Humming Bird, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v.,
p. 326.
La Chrysuronie de Josephine, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou.,
1875, t. ii., p. 11.
Habitat. — Upper Amazons, Ecuador and Peru.
Male. — Crown of the head and chin deep shining blue.
Upperside shining green. Tail and uppertail-coverts golden-
bronze. Underside metallic grass-green. Undertail-coverts
golden-bronze fringed with gray. Wings purplish-brown.
Maxilla black. Mandible flesh colour, tip black.
Total length, 4m. Wing, 2 J. Tail, \\. Culmen, J.
Female. — Upperside bronzy-green. Underside whitewashed
with green on sides of neck, breast and flanks. Rest of
plumage like the male, but not so brilliant.
In my opinion the type of Agyrtria caeruleiceps, Gould,
which I have examined, is only C. neera, male junior.
Q
140 Genera of Humming Birds.
195. CHRYSURONIA BUCKLEYI, Boucard, Hum. Bird, 1893,
vol. iii., p. 9.
Buckley's Humming Bird.
La Chrysuronie de Buckley.
Habitat. — Bolivia.
Male. — Head dark shining blue. Upperside golden-green.
Tail and uppertail-coverts shining coppery-red. Underside
metallic emerald-green, golden on abdomen and flanks. Under-
tail-coverts golden fringed with gray. Wings purplish-brown,
Maxilla black. Mandible flesh colour with black tip.
Total length, 3fin. Wing, 23-. Tail, 1^. Culmen, -|.
Female. — Unknown.
This species is easily distinguished from the preceding one
in not having any blue on the chin, the colour of its tail, its
smaller size, and bill shorter.
It was discovered in Bolivia, by the late Buckley, in 1876.
Type in Boucard's Museum.
196. CHRYSURONIA ELICIAE, Bourc. and Muls., Ann. Soc. Agr.
Lyon., 1846, t. ix., p. 314.
Polytmus eliciae, Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. i., p. 109.
Chrysurisca eliciae -, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., i860, t. iii.,
p. 42.
Elicits Golden Tail, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p 328.
La Chrysuronie d'Elicia, Muls., Hist. Nat., Ois. Mou.,
1875, t. Li., p. 13.
Habitat. — Guatemala, Nicaragua, Veragua.
Male. — Upperside golden-green. Uppertail-coverts coppery-
red. Tail golden-bronze with coppery tinge at tips. Throat
shining blue with purplish reflections. Breast bluish-green.
Abdomen and flanks dull golden-green, with buff on centre
of abdomen. Undertail-coverts pale buff with bronze reflec-
tions. Tuft of white feathers on each side of anal region.
Wings purplish-brown. Bill flesh colour with black tips.
Total length, 3fin. Wing, 2. Tail, i-|. Culmen, J.
Female. — Upperside like that of male. Underside grayish-
buff tinged with green on breast and flanks. Throat gray,
Genera of Humming Birds. 141
speckled with shining purplish-blue feathers. Undertail-coverts
fawn. Size as that of male.
I think this species was discovered by Delattre in Guatemala.
It was dedicated to Madame Elicia Alain, by MM. Bourcier
and Mulsant.
197. Chrysuronia chrysura, Less. Ois. Mou. Suppl., 1831,
p. 107.
Polytmus chyrsurus, Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. i., p. 100.
Ramphodon chrysurus, Reich., Aufz. der Col., p. 15.
Golden Tail, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 329.
La Chrysuronie à qneue d'or, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou.,
1875, t. ii., p. 5.
Habitat. — Brazil. (?)
Male. — Upperside, including the tail, shining golden-bronze.
Throat, breast, upper part of abdomen, and flanks, metallic
golden-red. Rest of abdomen reddish-gray. A tuft of white
feathers on each side of anal region. Undertail-ooverts golden
with gray edges. Wings purplish-brown. Bill flesh colour,
with black tips.
Total length, ^\\w. Wing, 2\. Tail, if. Culmen, -|.
Female. — Upperside golden-bronze. Underside, like that
of male, but less brilliant. Same size as male.
It is a very rare species.
198. Chrysuronia ruficollis, Veill., N. Diet. Hist. Nat.,
vol. vii., p. 362.
Ornisymia ruficollis, d' Orb. and Laf., Syn. Av., 1838, p. 30.
Rufous- Throated Golden- Tail.
la Chrysuronie à gorge rousse.
Habitat. — Bolivia, Paraguay.
Male. — Upperside golden-green. Tail bronze. Throat-rufous.
Breast, sides of abdomen and flanks shining golden-green.
Centre of abdomen grayish-buff. Undertail-coverts golden-
rufous with gray edges. Wings purple-brown. Bill flesh
colour with black tips.
Total length, 3fin. Wing, 2 J. Tail, \\. Culmen, J.
Female. — Upperside golden-green. Tail bronze, with gray
tips on lateral feathers. Rest as male.
142 Genera of Humming Birds.
Young Male. — Chin buff. Abdomen, flanks and undertail-
coverts buff-gray, tinged on flanks with golden-green feathers.
Maxilla black. Mandible flesh colour at base, rest black.
A very rare species.
Genus LXIII. Polyerata, Heine, Journ. fur On., 1863,
p. 194.
Coeligena and Damophila, Reich., Aufz. der Col., p. 7.
Type : P. amabilis, Gould.
Bill longer than the head, straight, terminating in a sharp
point. Nostrils exposed. Tail very slightly forked. Wings
long, reaching nearly the end of tail. Feet small. Tarsi
clothed. Sexes unlike.
Habitat. — Costa-Rica, Veragua, Columbia.
199. Polyerata amabilis, Gould, P.Z.S., 1851, p. 115.
Juliamya amabilis, Bon., Rev. and Mag. Zool., 1854, p. 53.
Polyerata amabilis, Heine, Journ. fur Ornith, 1863, p. 194.
Polyerata decora, Salv., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1891^.394.
Blue breasted Polyerata.
La Polyerate aimable, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1875,
t. ii., p. 53.
Habitat. — Costa Rica, Columbia.
Male. — Forehead shining metallic green. Upperside bronze-
green. Uppertail-coverts and median rectrices reddish-
bronze in some specimens, in others greenish-bronze, lateral
rectrices bronze at base, then bluish-black, outermost ones
nearly black for all their length. Chin shining greenish-bronze,
with black reflections in centre. Throat and upperpart of
breast metallic violet-blue in some specimens, in others
metallic blue with scarcely any purple reflections. Lower
part of breast and flanks greenish-bronze. Abdomen and
undertail-coverts gray. A tuft of white feathers on each side
of vent. Wings purplish-brown. Maxilla black. Mandible
flesh-colour, tip black.
Total length, 3fin. W^ing, 2. Tail, 1^. Culmen, -§-.
Female. — Upperside bronze-green, reddish on uppertail-
coverts. Median rectrices bronzy-green, with black tips,
lateral, bronze at base, then black with grayish tips. Chin
Genera of Humming Birds. 143
gray, spotted with bronze feathers. A few shining blue spots
on breast. Rest of underside plumage, like the male.
Dimension slightly smaller than the male.
It is a rare species. I have several specimens from Colum-
bia, and Chiriqui (Veragua). Others I killed at San Carlos
(Costa Rica), thinking at the time that I had discovered a
new species. Lately Mr. Salvin have described specimens
from Chiriqui under the name of Polyerata decora ; but I
am of opinion that they are all one and same species, having
some specimens from Columbia, coloured exactly as those
from Costa Rica and Chiriqui. In my specimens, the central
rectrices have a reddish shade as in the others, the only
difference that I can see is that the throat of my specimens
from Costa Rica and Chiriqui is more bluish than in those
from Columbia and Ecuador.
Genus LXIV. Hylocharis, Boié, Isis, 1831, p. 546.
Sapphironia, Bon., Rev. et Mag. Zool, 1854. P- 2 5^-
Type : T. sapphirinus, Gmelin.
Bill longer than the head, straight, broad, and flat at base.
Wings long, pointed, nearly reaching the end of tail. Rectrices
narrow, of even size. Tarsi clothed. Males brilliantly coloured
on breast, and sometimes on forehead also. Females plain.
Habitat. — Guiana, Brazil, Peru.
200. Hylocharis sapphirina, Gmel. Syst. Nat., 1788, t. i.,
p. 496.
Trochilus fulvifrous, Lath. Ind. Ornit. Suppl., 1790, vol. ii.,
p. 172.
Ornismya sapphirina, Less. Ois. Mou., 1829, p. 172.
Sapphironia sapphirina, Bon. Rev. and Mag. Zool., 1854.
p. 256.
Red-throated Sapphire, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 342.
L Hylocare à poitrine de saphir, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois.
Mou., 1875, vol. ii., p. 17.
Habitat. — Brazil.
Male. — Upperside dark shining green. Uppertail-coverts
reddish-bronze. Middle rectrices reddish-bronze, lateral chest-
nut, edged with blackish purple. Chin rufous. Throat and
144 Genera of Humming Birds.
breast dark sapphirine-blue. Bill flesh colour with black tips.
It differs in size according to specimens. Wings purple. A
tuft of white feathers on each side of lower part of vent.
Total length, 3-fin. Wing, 2-J. Tail, i^. Culmen, J-.
Female. — Underside grayish-white. Chin rufous. Breast
speckled, with a few bright blue feathers. Rectrices purple-
bronze, lateral tipped with white. Rest of plumage like that
of male.
201. HYLOCHARIS GUIANENSIS, Boucard, H. Bird, vol. i., p. 52.
Guiana Sapphire.
I ' Hylochare de Guyane.
Habitat. — Guiana.
Differing from the preceding species by the darker colour
of upperside, and the median rectrices which are coppery-
green, instead of reddish-bronze.
Total length, 3-g-in. Wing, 2. Tail, \\. Culmen, J-.
This species was discovered by Henry Whitely, in British
Guiana. Types in my Collection.
202. HYLOCHARIS BRAZILIENSIS, Boucard, Hum. Bird, 1893,
vol. iii., p. 7.
Brazilian Sapphire.
V Hylochare du Brésil.
Habitat. — Rio, Brazil.
Male. — Upperside shining green, golden on back. Median
rectrices bronze with purplish reflections, lateral chestnut,
edged with purplish-black. Chin rufous. Throat and breast
metallic greenish-blue. Flanks and abdomen golden-green.
W T ings purple. Bill flesh colour with black tips.
Total length, 3iin. Wing, 2. Tail, i-|-. Culmen, -§-.
I have only one fine adult male specimen of this new
species, which differs considerably from the two preceding
ones by the colour of throat and breast, and the golden
colour of general plumage.
Type in Boucard's Museum.
203. Hylocharis CYANEA, Vieill., Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat.,
t. xxiii., p. 426.
Ornismya bicolor f Less., Ois. Mou., 1829, p. 161.
Genera of Humming Birds. 145
Thaumatias cyaneus, Bon., Consp. Gen. Av., 1850, vol. i.,
P . 78.
White-throated Sapphire, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. 5, p. 344.
l'Hylochare à front bleu, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1875,
t. ii., p. 20.
Habitat. — Brazil.
Male. — Head, throat and breast shining dark blue. Upper-
side bronzy-green passing into reddish-bronze on rump. Upper-
tail-coverts dark reddish-bronze. Underside green with gray
tinge. A tuft of white feathers on each side of the anal
region. Undertail-coverts bluish-black with grayish or bronzy
edges. Tail blue-black. Wings purple. Bill flesh colour
with black tips.
Total length, 3èin. Wing, 2\. Tail, \\. Culmen, -§-.
Female. — Upperside like that of male, dark green on fore-
head. Underside grayish-white tinged with green on sides
of throat and breast. Lateral rectrices tipped grayish-white.
Young males have the chin and breast shining pale blue.
204. Hylocharis viridiventris, Berlepsch, Ibis, 1880, p. 1 13.
Green-vented Sapphire.
l'Hylochare a ventre vert.
Habitat. — Venezuela, Trinidad, British Guiana and Orinoco.
This is a northern form of H. cyanea, from which it
differs in its somewhat more splendid and vivid colouration.
In particular, I find the belly to be never mixed with gray, as
in Brazilian specimens, but of a dark and splendid green
colour.
205. Hylocharis bartletti, Gould, P.Z.S., 1866, p. 194.
Agyrtria Bartletti, Elliot, Class and Syn. Troch., 1879,
p. 205.
Bartlett's Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch. Suppl., 1886,
P- 74-
Le Thumatias de Bartlett, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou.,
1874, t. i., p. 255.
l'Hylocare de Bartlett.
Habitat. — Peru.
146 Genera of Humming Birds.
Male. — Upperside bronzy-green. Throat and breast shining
purplish-blue. Abdomen and flanks dark green, washed with
gray. Centre of abdomen, sides of flanks, and tuft on each
side of lower part of vent jDure white. Undertail-coverts pale
gray, with green in centre. Median rectrices bronze, with
bluish-black tips, lateral bluish-black. Wings purple-brown.
Maxilla black. Mandible flesh colour.
Total length, 4§in. Wing, 2-J-. Tail, i-§. Culmen, \.
This rare species was discovered by Bartlett in Peru, and
it was dedicated to him, by John Gould.
My specimens were collected in Peru, by Garlepp in 1887.
It is very closely allied to H. lactea, from which it differs
only by the lighter bronze colour of its general plumage, and
the bill, which is longer.
206. HYLOCHARIS LACTEA, Less., Ind. Gen. Syn. Ois., 1831,
P . 38.
Cyanochlaris lactea, Reich., Aufz. der Col., 1853, p. 10.
Sapphironia lactea, Bon., Rev. and Mag. Zool., 1854, p. 256.
Blue breasted Sapphire, Gould, Mon.Troch. vol. v., p. 343.
I' Hylochare à ventre blanc, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou.,
1875, t. ii., p. 23.
Habitat. — Brazil.
Male. — Upperside shining grass-green, bronzv on crown,
and uppertail-coverts. Throat and breast metallic sapphirine-
blue. Middle of the abdomen white, and tuft on each side of
vent, pure white. Flanks shining green. Undertail-coverts
white with dark disks. Median rectrices blackish with bronze
margin, lateral bluish-black with olive margin. Maxilla black,
mandible flesh colour with black tip.
Total length, 3fin. Wing, 2-|. Tail, i-|. Culmen, f .
Female. — Same colouring as the male, with throat and
breast of a paler blue. Lateral rectrices tipped with gray.
It is a rare species, and only represented by one male
specimen in the collection of the British Museum. I possess
several fine specimens from Brazil.
Genus LXV. Agyrtria, Reich., Troch., Enum., 1855, p. 7.
Thaumantias, Bon., Rev. and Mag., Zool., 1854, p. 255.
Genera of Humming Birds. 147
THAUMATIAS, Gould, Mon. Troch., Intr., 1861, p. 151.
Type : Agyrtria leucogastra Reichenback.
Bill longer than the head, straight, broad at base, and
acutely pointed. Feathers of the forehead not extending
upon the culmen. Nostrils exposed. Wings long and narrow.
Median rectrices slightly shorter than the next two, these also
shorter than the two outermost ones, no subterminal baron
the lateral rectrices of the large species, which are generally
bronze at base, with the remainder black. A subterminal
bar on lateral rectrices of the small species. Tarsi clothed.
Sexes alike.
Habitat. — Guiana, Venezuela, Trinidad and Brazil.
207. Agyrtria leucogaster, Gmel. Syst. Nat., 1788, vol. i.,
P- 495-
Ornysmia albirostris, Less. Ois, Mou., 1829, p. 212
Thaumantias leucogaster, Bon., Rev. and Mag., Zool., 1854,
P- 255-
Agyrtria, leucogastra, Reich, Aufz. der Col., 1853, p. 10.
White-throated Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p.
294.
La Leucolie leucogastre, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874,
t. i., p. 232.
Habitat. — Brazil.
Male. — Head and sides of neck metallic green. Upperside
shining grass-green. Median rectrices bronze-green, lateral
steel-black with tips slightly margined with gray. Throat,
centre of the abdomen, and undertail-coverts pure white.
Breast and sides of flanks shining bronze-green. Wings
purple-brown. Maxilla black. Mandible flesh colour with
black tip.
Total length, 3§in. Wing, 2\. Tail, if. Culmen, \.
208. Agyrtria, viridicauda, Berlepsch, Ibis, 1883, p. 493.
Leucippus viridicauda, Berlepsch, Ibis, 1883, p. 493.
Berlepsch's White-throat, Gould, Mon. Troch., Suppl., 1886,
P- 73-
La Leucolie de Berlepsch.
Habitat. — Huiro, Peru.
148 Genera of Humming Birds.
Differs only from L. leucogaster } by reason of its uniform
tail feathers, these never being margined with white, as well
as by its shorter bill.
This species was discovered in Peru, by Mr. H. Whitely.
^209. Agyrtria alleni, Elliott, Auk., 1888, p. 263.
Allen's Emerald,
le Thaumatias d'Allen.
Habitat. — Yungas, Bolivia.
Top of head and occiput dark greenish-blue, not metallic ;
nape, back, and shoulders, shining grass-green ; rump and
uppertail-coverts glittering bronze. Tail shining bronze, with
the tips- of feathers pale gray, widest on the outermost rectrices,
and diminishing to the central ones, which have a mere indica-
tion of gray at the tip. Wings purplish-brown. Sides of neck
shining bluish-green. Throat and centre of breast white,
speckled with shining green ; sides of breast and flanks
metallic grass-green. Abdomen whitish. Undertail-coverts
pale brown, edged with white. Maxilla black. Mandible
flesh colour, tip black. Feet black.
Total length, 3iin. Wing, if, Tail, i t 7 q. Bill, f.
" Elliot's loc. cit."
Type unique in the New York American Museum of
Natural History.
It was brought from Bolivia, by Doctor H. Rusby.
210. AGYRTRIA COMPSA, Hein., Journ. fur Ornith., 1863, p. 185.
Agyrtria mellisuga, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., i860, t. iii.,
P- 34-
Thaumatias compsa, Elliot, Ibis, 1878, p. 45.
Heine's Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch. Suppl., 1886, p. 75,
Le Thaumatias de Heine.
Habitat. — Guiana, Brazil.
Male. — Forehead, sides of neck and breast metallic
golden-green. Upperside golden-green. Median rectrices
dark bronze, lateral purple-blue. Throat, centre of breast,
abdomen, and undertail-coverts white. Flanks golden-green.
Wings purple-brown. Maxilla black. Mandible flesh-colour
with black tip.
Total length, 3iin. Wing, 2. Tail, if. Culmen, J.
Genera of Humming Birds. 149
*2II. Agyrtria nitidifrons, Gould, P.Z.S., i860, p. 308.
Thazimatias nitidifrons, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874,
t. i., page 238.
Brilliant fronted Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v.,
p. 297.
le Thaumatias à front brillant , Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou.,
1874, t. i., p. 239.
Habitat. — Venezuela (?)
Adult. — Crown of the head, face, chest, and neck glittering
green ; abdomen and flanks golden-green ; back, shoulders,
and rump bronzy-green ; tail pale bronzy green, with a zone
of purplish-brown crossing the four lateral feathers on each
side, near their tips ; undertail-coverts gray with a patch of
bronzy-green in the centre of each ; tarsi grayish-brown ;
upper mandible black ; under mandible yellow, black at tip.
Total length, 3^in. Wing, 1^. Culmen, f . " Gould loc cit."
Gould's type, presented to him by Mr. Lawrence of New
York, is still unique, and is now in the collection of the
British Museum.
212. Agyrtria tephrocephala, Vieill., Nouv. Diet. Hist.
Nat., t. xxiii., p. 430.
Ornysmia tephrocephala, Less. Ois. Mou., 1892, p. 182.
Ornysmia albiventris, Less. Ois. Mou., 1829, p. 209.
Polytmus thaumatias, Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. 1., p. 108.
Thaumatias albiventris, Bon. Consp. Gen. Av., 1850, vol. i.,
p. 70.
Coeligena tephrocephala, Reich., Aufz. der Colib., 1853, P- 7-
White bellied Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 301.
Le Thaumatias à ventre blanc, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou.,
1874, t. i., p. 245.
Habitat. — Brazil.
Male. — Upperside dark bronzy-green, deeper in the middle
of back. Median rectrices bronze-green, lateral bronze at
base, passing into black with gray tips. Throat and breast
grass-green. Abdomen and undertail-coverts white. Flanks
150 Genera of Humming Birds.
white, washed with green. Wings purplish-brown. Maxilla
black. Mandible flesh-colour, tip black.
Total length, 4m. Wing, 2\. Tail, if. Culmen, J.
Female. — Slightly smaller, and less brilliant than the male.
213. Agyrtria tobaci, Gmel. Syst. Av., 1788, p. 498.
Trochilus tobagensis, Lath., Ind. Ornith., 1790, vol. i., p. 316.
Trochilus maculatus, Vieill., Ois. Dor., 1802, t. i., p. 87.
Ornysmia viridissima, Less., Ois. Mou., 1829, p. 207.
Saucerottia viridipectus, Reich., Aufz. der Col., 1853, p. 7,
Agyrtria maculata, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., i860, t. iii.,
P- 33-
Thaumatias linnaei, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 302.
Linnaeus Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., 302.
Le Thaumatias de Linné, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874,
t. i., p. 248.
Habitat. — Tobago, Trinidad, Venezuela, Guiana.
Male. — Upperside bronzy-green. Median rectrices bronze-
green, lateral bronze at base passing into black, with pale
bronze tips. Throat and breast metallic emerald-green.
Centre of abdomen white. Flanks bronze-green. Under-
tail coverts pale greenish-bronze, margined white. Wings
purplish-brown. Maxilla black. Mandible flesh colour, with
black tip.
Total length, 3|-in. Wing, 2. Tail, 1^. Çulmen, \.
Female. — Same colouring as male, but not so bright.
Lateral feathers of tail largely tipped, with pale green-bronze.
Slightly smaller than the male.
My specimens from Trinidad and Venezuela, have scarcely
any black on the lateral feathers of tail, and the bill is flesh
colour, with black tips.
214 Agyrtria apicalis, Gould, Int. Troch., 1861, p. 154.
Agyrtria terpna, Heine, Journ., fur Ornith., 1863, p. 184.
Black-tipped Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch., Suppl., 1886,
P- 77-
Habitat. — Columbia.
Genera of Humming Birds. 151
Male. — This species is very much like the preceding one.
The only difference which 1 can perceive is its larger size, and
the centre of breast which is white.
Total length, 3fin. Wing, 2\. Tail, if. Culmen, 1.
*2i5. Agyrtria MACULICAUDA, Gould, Int. Troch., i86i r
P- J 54-
Guiana Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch., Suppl., 1886, p. 77.
LeThaumatias â queue tachée, Muls., Hist., Nat. Ois., Mou.,
1874, t. i., p. 251.
Habitat. — Guiana.
Male. — This is a very small species with a long thin
bill, its breast is green as in the others. Centre of the abdomen
white ; undertail-coverts white except in the centre, where
they are dark brown ; two central tail feathers bronzy-green,
except at the extreme tip, which is greenish-black, the next
one on each side, bronze for half its length, then black, the
three outer ones, on each side, bronzy-green at base, then
broadly zoned with black, next to which, they are green, and
lastly white.
Total length, 3Jin. Bill,|. Wing, 2. Tail. ij. " Gould, loc. cit."
216. Agyrtria nigricauda, Elliot, Ibis, 1878, p. 47.
Black-tailed Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch., Suppl., 1886,
p. 80.
Le Thaumatias à queue noire.
Habitat. — Trinidad, Guiana, Brazil.
Male. — Upperside bronzy-green, darkest on the head, and
shading into purple on the uppertail-coverts. Tail steel-black
excepting the median rectrices which are purplish-bronze at
base, the two outermost feathers are greenish-gray at tips.
Throat and breast shining metallic grass-green. Flanks dark
green. Middle of abdomen, vent, and undertail-coverts white.
Wings purple. Maxilla black. Mandible flesh colour, with
black tip.
Total length, 3Jin. Wing, 2\. Tail, i^. Culmen, f.
I have some specimens of this species from Brazil and
Trinidad, in which the median rectrices, and the one next ta
them are purplish-bronze with blackish tips.
1^2 Genera of Humming Birds.
217. Agyrtria niticauda, Elliot, Ibis, 1878, p. 48.
Bright-tailed Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch., Suppl., 1886,
p. 80.
Thaumatias niticanda, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1878,
t. iv., p. 177.
le Thaumatias à quene brillante.
Habitat. — Guiana.
Male. — Upperside bronze-green, with a slight coppery
tinge on the head. Chin white. Throat, breast, and sides of
neck bright metallic green. Flanks and abdomen bronze-
green. Middle of abdomen, vent, and undertail-coverts white.
Median rectrices bronze-green, lateral purplish-black, edges
and tips of outermost bronze green. Wings purplish-brown.
Bill flesh colour with dark tips.
Total length, 3^in. Wing, 2\. Tail, \\. Bill, f.
Type in the Museum of New York " Ex. Elliot's Coll."
By the description and my specimens, which agrees with it,
and were collected by Whitely in Guiana, I should not be
surprised if this species, and A. maculicauda, Gould, turn out
to be only the well known species A. tobaci.
218. Agyrtria fluviatilis, Gould, Int. Troch, 1861, p. 154.
Riverine Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch., Suppl., 1886, p. 76.
Le Thaumatias fluviatile, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874,
t. i., p. 254.
Habitat. — Pelas (Peru.)
Male. — Upperside shining golden-green. Median rectrices
bronze-green largely tipped with bluish-black, lateral bronze
at base of external web, then bluish-black, the two outer-
most ones bluish-black, with a very slight gray margin at
tips. Throat and breast luminous grass-green. Abdomen
and flanks shining greenish-bronze. Vent white. Under-
tail-coverts pale green, edged with gray. Wings purple.
Bill flesh colour with black tips.
Total length, 3fin. Wing, 2\. Tail, if. Culmen, |.
Female. — Upperside shining grass-green, bronzy on fore-
head and uppertail-coverts. Median rectrices, bronze-green,
lateral bronze-green on external webs, then bluish-black,
margined white at tips, outermost one bluish-black with
Genera of Humming Birds. 153
margin of tip white, underneath bluish-black with grayish
tip. Throat and breast luminous green, lighter than in the
male. Flanks and abdomen bronzy-green. Centre of breast
abdomen, and vent white. Undertail-coverts greenish-
brown edged white. Maxilla brownish-black. Mandible
flesh colour with black tip.
Total length, 3^in. Wing, 2J. Tail, if. Culmen, f .
I think the discoverer of this species is Mr. Hauxwell, as
my specimens, of both sexes, of this species, were collected
by him at Pebas in 1866, and it is very probable that the
tvpical specimen of Gould came also from him.
It is a rare species in the Collections.
*2ig. AGYRTRIA (?) LUCIAE, Lawr., Proceed., Acad., Nat., Sci.,
Philad., 1867, p. 233.
Lucy's Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch., Suppl., 1886, p. 78.
Le Thaumatias de Lucie, Musi., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874,
t. i., p. 241.
Habitat. — Honduras.
Upper plumage dull bronzy dark green, crown duller;
uppertail-coverts a lighter bronzy-green somewhat golden ;
tail feathers dull bronzy-green, all except the two central ones
broadley marked near their ends with dark purplish-bronze,
the tips being ashy-gray ; the throat and breast are glittering
bluish-green ; middle of the abdomen white ; wings brownish-
purple. Upper mandible black, the under one yellow with
the end blackish ; feet black.
Length, 3}in. Wing, 2^-. Tail, if. Bill, -ff- " Lawr., loc. cit."
This species was dedicated to Miss Lucie Brewster, daughter
of Mr. Thomas Brewster, of Boston.
*22o. Agyrtria NORRisii, Bourc, P.Z.S., 1847, p. 47.
Polytmus norrisii, Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. i., p. 108.
Amazilia norrisii, Reich., Aufz. der Col., 1853, p. 10.
Pyrrophaena norrisii, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., i860
t. iii., p. 36.
He?nistilbon norrisii, Gould, Int. Troch., 1861, p. 150.
Leucodora norrisii, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874, t. i,
p. 309.
154 Genera of Humming Birds.
Thaumatias norrisii, Elliott, Ibis., 1878, p. 44.
Thaumatias lerdi, De Oca, la Naturaleza, 1874, t. iii, p. 24.
Norris's Emerald.
Le Leucodore de N orris, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874,
t. 1, p. 310.
Habitat. — Mexico.
Male. — Upper parts golden-green. Throat and sides of neck
metallic golden-green. Breast white. Abdomen and flanks
pale rufous. Uppertail-coverts light grayish-green. Under-
tail-coverts grayish-white. Wings pale green. Tail shining
grayish-green. Feet flesh colour. Bill flesh colour, black at
the point.
Wing, 55 mill. Tail, 35. Bill, 18.
" Bourcier, P.Z.S., 1847, p. 47."
221. Agyrtria brevirostris, Less., Ois. Mou., 1829, p.p.
35-211.
Basilinna brevirostris, Less., Ind. Gen., and Syn., Gen.
Troch., 1831, p. 26.
Polytmus brevirostris, Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. i., p. 108.
Thaumatias brevirostris, Bon., Consp. Gen. Av., 1850,
vol. i., p. 78.
Agyrtria brevirostris, Reich., Aufz. der Col., 1853, p. 10.
Short-billed Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 298.
Le Thaumatias brévirostre, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou.,
1874, t. i., p. 242.
Habitat. — Brazil.
Male. — Upperside shining bronzy-green. Median rectrices
shining olive-green, lateral olive-green, with a subterminal
black bar near the tips, which are grayish-bronze. Sides of
neck and breast metallic-green. Throat, centre of breast,
and abdomen white. Flanks bronze-green. Undertail-coverts
gray, margined with white. Wing purple-brown. Maxilla
black. Mandible flesh colour, with black tip.
Total length, 2|-in. Wing, 2. Tail, i-|. Culmen, f.
Female. — Like the male, less brightly coloured on sides of
neck and breast. Lateral rectrices slightly tipped with gray.
Abundant in Brazil.
Genera of Humming Birds. 155
222. Agyrtria VERSICOLOR, Nordm., Erm., Reise, 1835, pi. 1.
Hylocharis -versicolor , Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. i,p. 108.
Agyrtria versicolor, Reich., Aufz. der Col., 1853, P- I0 -
Thaumatias versicolor, Bon., Rev. and Mag. Zool., 1854,
P- 255-
Thaumatias affinis, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 299.
Agyrtria affinis, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., i860, t. iii.,
P- 33-
Allied Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. 5, p. 299.
Le Thaumatias tout vert.
Habitat. — Brazil.
Male — Upperside bronzy-green. Median rectrices bronze,
lateral pale olive-bronze with the subterminal bar pale brown.
Throat, sides of neck, and breast glittering metallic green,
showing the white base of feathers. Flanks and abdomen
shining bronzy-green. Undertail-coverts olive-bronze, mar-
gined with white. Wings purplish-black. Maxilla black.
Mandible flesh colour, with black tip.
Total length, 3iin. Wing, 2. Tail, if. Culmen, \^.
Female. — Coloured like the male, but less bright on sides of
neck, with the centre of throat, breast and abdomen, white.
Lateral rectrices margined with gray.
223. Agyrtria Candida, Bourc. and Muls., Ann. Soc. Agri.,
Lyon, 1846. t. ix., p. 326.
Ornysmya senex, Less., Rev. Zool., 1838, p. 315.
Polytmus candidus, Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. 1, p. 108.
Thaumatias candidus, Bon., Consp. Gen. Av., 1850, vol. i.,
P . 78.
Agyrtria margaritaceus, Reich., Troch. Enum., 1855, p. 7.
Leucolia Candida, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874, t. i.,
P 233.
White breasted Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v.
p. 292.
le Candide,
Habitat. — Mexico to Nicaragua.
Male. — Upperside bronze, greenish on back. Tail bronze,
with a reddish tinge at tips, lateral with a brownish-black
R
156 Genera of Humming Birds.
subterminal bar and pale bronze tips. Throat, breast, abdomen
and undertail-coverts white. Sides of breast and flanks pale
bronzy-green. Maxilla black. Mandible flesh colour with
black tip. Wings purplish.
Total length, 3^in. Wing, 2. Tail, if. Culmen, |.
Female. — Exactly like the male excepting the tail beneath,
which is grayish-bronze with a subterminal blackish bar on
lateral feathers and very pale bronzy-gray tips.
I have collected this species in Mexico, where it was
abundant. I think the typical specimen was collected by
Delattre.
Genus LXVI. Uranomitra, Reich., Aufz. der Col., 1853,
p. 10.
Cyanomyia, Bon., Rev. and Mag., Zool., 1854, p. 254.
Leucolia, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874, t. i., p. 211.
Type : T. franciae, Bourcier.
Bill longer than the head, straight or slightly curved ; broad
and flat at base. Nostrils exposed. Wings long. Tail slightly
forked, median rectrices slightly shorter than the next, which
are also slightly shorter than the other two ; these are of the
same length. All the lateral rectrices have a subterminal bar
more or less apparent. Tarsi partly clothed. Forehead bril-
liantly coloured in both sexes, which are coloured alike.
Habitat. — Mexico, Central America, Columbia, Ecuador,
Peru.
224. Uranomitra franciae, Bourc. and Muls., Ann. Soc.
Agr., Lyon, 1846, t. ix., p. 324.
Polytmus franciae, Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. i., p. 109.
Agyrtria franciae, Reich., Troch. Enum., 1855, p. 7.
Cyanomyia franciae, Bon., Rev. and Mag., Zool., 1854, p.
254-
Leucolia franciae, Muls., His. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874, t. i.,
p. 217.
Franciâs Azure Crown, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 287.
La Leucolie de Francia, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874,
t. i., p. 218.
Habitat. — Columbia,
Genera of Humming Birds. 157
Male. — Head metallic blue. Neck brilliant green. Rest
of upper parts bronzy-green, changing to coppery-red on
rump and upper-tail coverts. Median rectrices bronze, lateral
of same colour, with a blackish spot appearing as a sub-
terminal bar near the tips. These spots on the lateral
feathers, and the length of rectrices, are the principal differ-
ences which distinguish this genus from Cyanomyia. Under-
side pure white, excepting sides of neck and breast, which
are metallic green. Sides of flanks washed with green.
Wings purple-brown. Maxilla black. Mandible flesh colour,
with black tip.
Total length, 4111. Wing, 2-|. Tail, if. Culmen, \.
Female. — Head bluish. Upperside bronze-green, golden
on lower part of back, and coppery-red on uppertail-coverts.
Tail bronze, with the subterminal blackish bar more apparent
than in the male, and the tips of lateral rectrices slightly
margined with gray. Underside pure white, sides of neck
metallic-green, flanks golden. Wings purple-brown. Bill
black except base of mandible which is flesh colour. Same
size as male.
It is a common species.
225. Uranomitra cyanicollis, Gould, P.Z.S., 1853, p. 61.
Cyanomyia cyanicollis Bon., Rev. and Mag. Z00L, 1854,
P- 254-
Leucolia cyanicollis, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874,
t. i., p. 212.
Blue Necked Azure Crown, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol., v,
p. 288.
La Leucolie à cou bleu, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874,
t. i., p. 212.
Habitat. — Peru.
Male. — Crown of the head, nape, and sides of neck metallic
blue with greenish reflections. Upperside bronzy-green pass-
ing to golden on rump, and uppertail-coverts. Tail bronzy-
green, all the laterals crossed near the tip with an obscure
brown band. Underside pure white, flanks white washed
sparingly with pale golden feathers. Wings purple-brown.
Maxilla black. Mandible flesh colour, with black tip.
Total length, 3^in. Wing, 2-|, Tail, if. Culmen, \.
158 Genera of Humming Birds.
Female unknown; but probably like the male, less metallic
on head and sides of neck.
This very rare species was discovered in Peru, by the well-
known traveller Warszewicz.
*226 Uranomitra pelzeni, Tacz., P.Z.S., 1879, p. 239.
Leucolia pelzeni, Tacz. P.Z.S., 1879, p. 239. ..
La Leucolie de Pel zen.
Habitat. — Peru.
Female. — Rostrum subarquatum, dimidia parte corporis
sublongius; pileo viridi-nitido; corpore supra viridi-subcupreo;
cauda subtruncata, vix emarginata ; rectricibus viridi-aeneis,
externis in apice cinereiset macula longitudinali fusca notatis ;
corpore subtus albo sericeo ; lateribus colli et capitis maculis
splendidis viridi-caeruleis ornatis ; lateribus epigastri viridi
maculatis ; ventris lateribus viridibus ; subcandalibus albis.
Head shining green. Rest of upperside bronzy-green.
Tail nearly truncate, median rectrices shortest shining green,
slightly bronzy, lateral and outermost green, less brilliant with
a subterminal black bar and gray tips. Wings purplish-brown.
Underside pure white. Sides of neck, breast, and flanks
spotted with shining bluish pale green. Undertail-coverts
pure white. Maxilla black. Mandible flesh-colour, with
black tip. Feet black.
Length of wing, 53 mill. Tail, 33. Culmen, 22.
This species, unique in Warsaw Museum, was discovered
in May 1878, at Guajungo, Upper Maranon, by Mr.
Stolzmann.
I believe it to be the female of U. cyanicollis.
^227. Uranomitra neglecta, Elliott, Ibis, 1877, p. 140.
Ornismyia bicolor, d'Orb and Lafr., Syn. Av., 1838, t. ii.,
p. 30.
Bar-tailed Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch., Suppl., 1886, p.
75-
Le Thaumatias négligé, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1878, t.
iv., p. 175.
Habitat. — Bolivia.
Male. — Top of head, nape, and mantle green ; throat and
upperpart of breast brilliant metallic blue, the white base of the
Genera of Humming Birds. 159
feathers showing amid the blue ; back, rump, and uppertail-
coverts light greenish-bronze. Wings purplish. Undertail-
coverts pale brown, margined with white. Tail pale greenish-
bronze, with a subterminal black bar on lateral feathers.
Maxilla black, mandible flesh colour. Feet black. " Elliot
Synopsis, Troch., p. 205."
Total length, 3ïin. Wing, 2. Tail, 1^. Bill, J.
Female. — Upperparts, sides of throat, and flanks shining
green. Centre of throat and underparts whitish, spotted
with light metallic green. Tail like the male, tips of lateral
feathers whitish. Undertail-coverts white. Wings purple.
Bill like the male Feet black.
Total length, 3 fin. Wing, 2. Tail, ij. Bill, f. "Elliot, toe. a"
228. Uranomitra viRiDtCEPS, Gould, P.Z.S., i85o, p. 307.
Green-headed Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v, p. 295.
La Leitcolie à calotte verte, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou.,
1874, t. i., p. 229.
Habitat. — Ecuador.
Male. — -Head and sides of neck metallic green. Upper-
side shining bronzy-green, passing to reddish-golden on rump
and uppertail-coverts. Median rectrices bronze, lateral pale
bronze with a subterminal bar of brown near the tips, which
are grayish-bronze. Throat, centre of breast, abdomen, and
undertail-coverts white. Sides of breast and flanks, white
washed with green. Wings purplish-brown. Maxilla black.
Mandible flesh colour, with black tip.
Total length, 4m. Wing, 2J. Tail, if. Culmen, J.
Female. — -Head shining green. Upperside dull bronzy-
green. Tail greenish-bronze with subterminal blackish bar
on lateral feathers. Underside white. Sides of breast and
flanks sparingly washed with green. Wings purplish-brown.
Same size as male.
I have a male with the head and sides of neck metallic
bluish-green. My specimens were collected in Ecuador, by
Buckley. It is a rare species.
*229. Uranomitra taczanowsku, Sclater, P.Z.S., 1879,
p. 146.
Leucolia taczanowskii, Deslongch, Cat. Descr. Troch., vol. i.,
p. 301.
i6o Genera of Humining Birds.
Taczanowskï s Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch., Suppl., 1886,
p. 79.
La Leucolie de Taczanowski.
Habitat. — Guayungo, Peru.
Supra metallice viridis, in capitecupreo lavatus, plumis subtus
cinereis ; alis fuscis, tectricibus dorso concoloribus ; cauda
aequali, supra dorso concolori, versus apicem cupreo-tincta,
subtus fusca, versus apicem cupreo-virescente ; corpore subtus
albo, lateraliter et in crisso praecipue pallido cinereo perfuso ;
gutture toto punctis minutis, cordiformibus, nitenti-viridibus
obtecto; rostro forti, paulum incurvo.
Total, length, 4m. Alae, 2-J. Candae, if. Rostri, -|.
Obs. Sp. Th. viridicipiti, Gould, ut videtur, affinis rostro
fortiusculo, canda aequali, et maculis gutturis minutis insignis.
" Selat, loc. cit."
This species was discovered at Guajungo, Peru, by Mess.
Stolzmann and Jelski.
230. URANOMITRA COLUMBIANA, Boucard, Hum. Bird, 1892,
p. 82.
Columbian Emerald.
La Leucolie de Colombie.
Habitat. — Columbia.
Male. — -Head and sides of neck metallic green. Upperside
golden-green. Median rectrices bronze. Lateral purplish-
bronze, with a wide subterminal brownish-black bar. Throat,
centre of addomen, anal region, and undertail-coverts white.
Flanks golden-green. Wings purple-brown. Maxilla black.
Mandible flesh colour with black tip.
Total length, 3§-in. Wing, 2 J. Tail, if. Culmen, J.
Female. — -Head and bajk bronzy-green, passing to reddish-
golden on rump and uppertail-coverts. Tail bronze, lateral
bronze with a subterminal brownish-black bar, and gray tips.
Throat, centre of abdomen, lower part of vent and undertail-
coverts white. Sides of neck and breast shining green.
Flanks golden-green. Bill like the male. Same size as male.
Types of both sexes in my collection.
This species is closely allied to U. niveipectus, but can be
easily distinguished by the colour of mandible.
Genera of Humming Birds. 161
231. Uranomitra MILLERI, Bourc. P.Z.S., 1847, p. 43.
Poly t mus milleri, Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. i., p. 108.
Thaumatias milleri, Bon., Consp. Gen. Av., 1850, vol. i, p.
78.
Agyrtria milleri, Reich., Aufz. der Col., 1853, P- I0 -
Leucolia milleri, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874, t. i.,
p. 225.
Miller's Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol v., p. 296.
La Leucolie de Miller, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874,
t. i., p. 226.
Habitat. — Columbia.
Male. — Head and sides of neck metallic green. Upperside
bronzy-green passing to golden on rump and uppertail-coverts.
Median rectrices pale bronze, lateral grayish-bronze with a
wide subterminal brownish-black bar. Underside white,
washed with green on sides of breast, and on flanks. Wings
purplish-brown. Maxilla black. Mandible flesh colour with
black tip.
Total length, 3fin. Wing, 2. Tail, 1^. Culmen, J.
Female. — Forehead dark shining green. Rest of upperside
bronze-green slightly golden on rump and uppertail-coverts.
Tail bronze with a wide subterminal blackish bar on lateral
feathers, which have gray tips. Underside like the male with
less green on flanks. Undertail-coverts whitish-gray.
It resembles U. viridiceps, but is a much smaller species.
According to Bourcier, it was discovered by Natterer, on Rio
Negro.
232. Uranomitra whitelyi, Boucard, Hum. Bird, 1893,
vol. iii., p. 8.
Whitely s Emerald.
La Leucolie de Whitely.
Habitat. — Annai (B. GuianaJ.
Male. — Head and sides of neck metallic green. Upperside
bronze-green. Median rectrices bronze, lateral bronze, with
a subterminal blackish bar. Throat, breast, and abdomen
pure white. Flanks golden-green. Undertail-coverts white,
with centre pale gray. Wings purplish-brown. Bill black.
Total length, 3-fin. Wing, 2. Tail, if. Culmen, f .
IÔ2 Genera of Humming Birds.
Female. — Head and sides of neck shining green, but not so
brilliant as in the male. Upperside bronze-green. Underside
white. Flanks white, washed with green. Tail bronze, lateral
with a brown subterminal bar and tips margined with gray.
This new species, discovered by Mr. Henry Whitely in
British Guiana, is closely allied to U. milleri, but can be
distinguished easily from that species, by its black bill.
Types in Boucard's Museum.
233. URANOMITRA NlVElPECTUS,Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein.,
i860, t. iii., p. 33.
Thaumatias chionopectus, Gould, Mon. Troch., 1859, P- 5-
Polytmus chionopectus, Léotard, Ois. Trinid., 1866, p. 140.
Snowy-throated Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 293.
La Leucolie à poitrine d'un blanc de neige, Muls., Hist.
Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874, t. i., p. 228.
Habitat. — Trinidad.
Male. — Head and sides of neck metallic golden-green
in some specimens, in others metallic green. Upperside
shining coppery-green, more coppery on rump and uppertail-
coverts. Tail purplish-bronze, with a wide subterminal
purplish-brown bar on lateral feathers. Throat and centre of
abdomen pure white. Bar in middle of breast and flanks
golden-green. Undertail-coverts greyish with white margins.
Wings purplish-brown. Bill black.
Total length 3fin. Wing, 2, Tail, if. Culmen, -|.
Female. — Upperside shining bronze green. Uppertail-
coverts coppery. Underside white, washed with green on sides
of neck, on breast and flanks. Tail beneath bronze passing to
brownish-black, with gray tips on lateral feathers. Bill black.
Same size as male.
Rather common in Trinidad.
Genus LXVII. Cyanomyia, Bon., Rev. and Mag., Zool.,
1854, p. 254.
Leucolia, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874, t. i., p. 211.
Type : T. cyanocephala, Lesson.
Bill straight, acutely pointed, longer than the head, broad
at base. Wings long, narrow, nearly reaching the end of tail.
Genera of H it vim in g Birds. 163
Tail slightly forked. Median rectrices slightly smaller than
the next ones, which arc also slightly smaller than the three
others. These of same length. Tarsi partly clothed. Sexes
alike.
Habitat . — Mexico and Central America.
234. Cyanomyia cyanocephala, Lesson, Suppl.. Ois. Mou.,
1 83 1, p. 134.
Polytmus verticah's, Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. i., p. 109.
Uranomitra cyanocephala , Reich., Aufz. der Col., 1853,
p. 10.
Agyrtria faustinae, Reich., Troch. Enum., 1855, t. i., p. 7
Cyanomyia guatemalensis, Gould, Int. Troch., 1861, p. 148.
Uranomitra lesson i, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., i860,
t. iii., p. 41.
Leucolia cyanocephala, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874,
t. i., p. 219.
Black-billed Azure Crown, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v.,
p. 286.
La Leucolie à calotte d'azur, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou.,
1874, t. i., p. 220.
Habitat. — Mexico and Guatemala.
Male. — Top of head metallic blue with greenish reflections
in certain lights. Upperside bronzy-green, passing to bronzy-
brown on lower part of back and uppertail-coverts. Tail
pale green-bronze. Throat, middle of breast, and abdomen
white. Sides of neck, breast and flanks pale bronzy-green.
Undertail-coverts pale bronze, edged with grayish-white.
Maxilla black. Mandible flesh colour with black tip. Wings
purplish-brown.
Total length, 4m. Wing, 2\. Tail, if. Culmen, |-.
Female. — Exactly like the male, but the green on sides of
breast and flanks, slightly paler.
235. Cyanomyia quadricolor, Vieillot, Enc. Méth., t. iii.,
P- 573-
Polytmus quadricolor, Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. i. p. 119.
Trochilus verticalis, Licht. Preis. Verz., Thier., 1830.
Uranomitra quadricolar, Reich., Aufz. der Col., 1853, p. 10.
164 Genera of Humming Birds.
Leucolia quadricolor, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874,
t. i., p. 215.
Uranomitra ellioti, Berl., P. U.S., Nat. Mus., vol. xi., p. 562.
Red-billed Azure Crown, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 284.
La Leucolie quadricolore, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois., Mou., 1874,
t. i,, p, 216,
Habitat. — Mexico.
Male. — Top of head metallic blue. Upperside pale bronzy-
brown. Tail shining bronzy-green. Underside pure white,
tinged on sides of neck, breast, and flanks with some few
bluish feathers. Wings purple-brown. Bill coral red, with
black tips.
Total length, 4§in. Wing, 2§. Tail, if. Culmen, |.
236 Cyanomyia violiceps, Gould, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
1859, p. 97.
Uranomitra violiceps, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., i860,
t. iii., p. 41.
Leucolia viridiceps, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874, t. i.,
p. 213.
Violet Crown, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 285.
La Leucohe à calotte violette, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou.,
1874, t. i., p. 214.
Habitat. — S. Mexico.
Maie. — Differs only from C. quadricolor by the colour of
its tail, which is bronzy-red, and by the feathers on sides of
neck, breast, and flanks, which are greenish.
Total length, 4§in. Wing, 2§. Tail, 1^. Culmen, |.
This species was discovered by me, in 1857, at Oaxaca,
South Mexico, It is rare in the collections.
*237. Cyanomyia viridifrons, Elliot, Ann. and Mag., Nat.
Hist., 1871, vol. viii., p. 267.
Green-fronted Crown, Gould, Mon. Troch., Suppl., 1886,
p. 72.
La Leucolie à front vert, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874,
t. i., p. 224.
Habitat. — Putla, (S. Mexico).
Genera of Humming Birds. 165
Male. — Differs only from C. violiccps by the colour of
forehead, which is dark green, metallic in some lights.
It was discovered by my traveller, Eugène Rebouch.
The type is now in the New York Natural History Museum.
238. Cyanomyia guerrerensis, Salv. and Godm., Biol, cent.
ameri., 1892.
Guerrero Green Crown.
La Leucolie de Guerrero.
Habitat. — Guerrero, Mexico.
This new species is very nearly allied to C. viridifrons,
so much so, in fact, that I am of opinion that both belongs to
the same species ; I have one specimen, from Mazatlan, col-
lected by Mr. Forrer, which I can only refer to that species.
The type specimen of C. viridifrons, was collected at Putla,
which is close to the state of Guerrero. It is therefore
probable that it is found all over the Mexican west coast,
from Tehuantepec to Mazatlan, and even more north.
The specimens from which Mon. Salwin and Godm described
the species, were collected by Mrs. Smith.
^239. Cyanomyia microrhyncha, Elliot, Ibis, 1876, p. 316.
Small-billed Azure Crown, Gould, Mon. Troch., Suppl.,
1886, p. 72.
La Leucolie à petit bee.
Habitat.— Honduras ?
Adult. — Top of head and occiput dark metallic blue. Hind
neck and mantle shining metallic green ; rest of upperparts
bronzy-red. Throat, upper part of breast, and centre of
abdomen white, with a few metallic green feathers scattered
among the white ones. Flanks and undertail-coverts metallic
bronzy-red. Wings deep brown, slightly shaded with purple.
Tail brilliant metallic bronze.
Total length, 3^in. Wing, 2^. Tail, \\. Culmen,^. " Elliot, I.e. "
Type in the New York Museum of Natural History.
Genus LXVIII. Leucippus, Bon., Compt, Rend., 1850,
p. 382.
Talaphorus, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., t. i., p. 257.
Type : T. chionogaster, Tschudi.
i66 Genera of Humming Birds.
Bill longer than the head, narrow and rounded at base,
nostrils exposed. Wings long and pointed, reaching the end
of tail. Tail rounded, all the retrices of same length. Tarsi
clothed to the toes. Sexes alike, dull.
Habitat. — Amazons, Peru, and Bolivia.
240. Leucippus CHIONOGASTER, Tsch. Faun. Per., 1844,
p. 247.
Trochilus turneri, Bourc, Rev. Zool., 1846, p. 113.
Polytmus chionogaster, Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. i., p. 108.
Thaumatias leucogaster, Bon., Consp. Gen. Av., 1850,
vol. i., p. 78.
Leucippus pallidus, Tacz., P.Z.S., 1874, p. 542.
White-breasted Leucippus, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v.,
p. 290.
Le Leucippe à ventre blanc de neige, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois.
Mou., 1874, t. i., p. 259.
Habitat. — Peru, and Bolivia.
Male. — -Upperside pale bronzy-green. Tail feathers bronzy-
green, with inner webs and shafts of lateral ones white.
Underside pure white, sides of breast and flanks washed
sparingly with pale green feathers edged with white. Maxilla
black. Mandible flesh colour, with black tips.
Total length, 4m. Wing, 2\. Tail, \\. Culmen, 1.
It is a rare species. My specimens were collected by MM.
Buckley and Garlepp.
241. Leucippus chlorocercus, Gould, P.Z.S., 1866, p. 194.
Spotted White-throat, Gould, Mon. Troch., Suppl., 1886,
P- 73-
Le Leucippe â queue verte , Muls., Hist., Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874,
t. i., p. 258.
Habitat. — Upper Amazons and Peru.
This species resembles closely the preceding one. It differs
in having the tail shining pale greenish-bronze with a faint
subterminal bar of darker green, and gray tips. Bill shorter
than in L. chionogaster, and all black.
Total length, 4m. Wing, 2$. Tail, \\. Culmen, -|.
I have only one specimen of this rare species collected by
Hauxwell, at Nauta, in 1883.
Genera of Humming Birds. 167
Genus LXIX. Lefccochloris, Reich., Aufz. der Col., 1853,
p. 10.
Type : T. albicollis, Vieillot.
Bill straight, longer than the head, wide at base, feathers of
the forehead projecting slightly on the culmen, hiding the
nostrils. Wings long, reaching the end of tail. Tail rounded,
rectrices, including the median, even, excepting the outermost
ones, which are very narrow, reaching the third of white tip of
next one. Tarsi clothed. Sexes alike.
Habitat. — Brazil.
242. Leucochloris albicollis, Vieill., Nouv. Diet. Hist.
Nat., 1818, t. xxiii., p. 426.
Ornismyia albicollis, Less., Ois. Mou., 1829, p. 184.
Colibri albogularis, Spix., Av. Bras., 1825, t. i., p. 81.
Basilinna albicollis, Less., Ind. Gen. and Syn. Ois., 183 1,
P- 2 5-
Polytmus albicollis, Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. i., p. 108.
Thaumatias albicollis, Bon., Consp. Gen. Av., 1850, vol. i.,
P . 78.
Leucippus albicollis, Reich., Troch. Enum., 1855, p. 8.
Agyrtria albicollis, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., i860,
t. iii., p. 32.
White-throat , Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 291.
Le Leucochlore albicolle, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874,
t. i., p. 262.
Le Leucochlore à gorge blanche.
Habitat. — Brazil.
Male. — Upperside shining golden-green. Median rectrices
bronze-green, lateral bluish-black with white tips, outermost
one bluish-black for half its length, the rest white. Chin,
breast, and flanks shining green. Throat, abdomen, and
undertail-coverts pure white. Wings purplish-brown. Maxilla
black. Mandible flesh colour, with black tip.
Total length, 4iin. Wing, 2\. Tail, if. Culmen, -|.
Female. — Upperside golden-green. Median rectrices green-
ish-bronze with blue reflections, rest bluish-black with white
tips. Chin white, spotted with minute greenish feathers.
1 68 Genera of Humming Birds.
Throat, abdomen, and undertail-coverts white. Breast and
flanks shining green. Slightly smaller than the male.
GENUS LXX. Aithurus, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., i860,
vol. iii., p. 50.
PHAETHORNIS, Less., Tab. Esp., Ois. Mou., 1829, p. 18.
POLYTHMUS, Less., Ind. Gen., Syn. Gen., Troch., 1832, p. 16.
TROCHILUS, Gray, Gen. Birds, 1840, p. 14.
Type : T. polytmus, Linné.
Bill curved, wide at base, longer than the head. Rectrices
narrow and pointed. Lateral, next the outermost one
lengthened nearly three times that of the others. Tail deeply
forked. Head crested, with elongated feathers on each side.
Sexes unlike.
Habitat. — Jamaica.
243. Aithurus polytmus, Lin., Syst. Nat., 1766, vol. i.,
p. 189.
Bourdonneur du Mango, à longue queue, Abin., t. iii., p. 20,
p. 49, fig. a.
Oiseau Mouche à longue queue noire, Sonn., Ed. de Buff.,
Hist. Nat., t. xvii., p. 215.
Mellisuga Jamaicensis, Briss. Ois., t. iii., p. 729.
Metlivora avis maxima, Sloane, Journ., vol. ii., p. 309,
fig. 4.
Trochilus polytmus, Lin. Syst. Nat., Edit. 10, t. i., p. 120.
Black-capped Humming-bird , Lath., Gen. Syn., vol. ii.,
p. 748.
Colibri à tête noire, Vieiil., Ois. Dor., t. i., p. 121, fl. 67.
Ornismya cephalatra, Less., Ois. Mou., p. 78, p. 17.
Long-tailed black-capped Humming-bird, Edwards' Birds,
vol. i., p. 34.
Trochilus maria, Hill., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1849, vol. iii.,
p. 258.
Polytmus cephalatra, Bon., Consp. Gen. Av., 1850, p. 72.
Black-capped Humming-bird, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. ii.,
P . 98.
Genera of Humming Birds. 169
I'Aithure a tête noire, Muls., Hist. Nat., Ois. Mou., 1874,
vol. i., p. 336.
Habitat. — Jamaica.
Male. — Crown with elongated feathers, velvety-black.
Upperside dark green. Throat and the whole of underside
bright green. Undertail-coverts blue-black. Tail black.
Wings brown. Bill red with black tips.
Total length, çin. Wing, 2f. Tail, 6J. Culmen, \.
Female. — Head brown. Upperside shining green. Under-
side white, tinged with green on the sides and flanks. Median
rectrices bronze-green, lateral bronze-green on outer web,
remainder bluish-black, tipped white on the two outermost,
ones. Upper mandible nearly all black. Lower mandible red
with black tip.
Total length, 3^in. Wing, 2-|. Tail, i-|. Culmen,
7
Common in Jamaica.
Genus LXXI. Eupherusa, Gould, Mon. Troch., 1857,
part xiv.
Type : — O. eximia, Delattre.
Bill longer than the head, slightly curved. Wing long,
reaching the end of tail. Tail even, with the exception of
the outermost rectrice, which is slightly shorter than the others.
Tarsi clothed. Hind toe shorter than the middle one. Sexes
unlike.
Habitat. — Mexico and Central America.
244. Eupherusa eximia, Del., Echo du Monde, sav., 1843,
p. 1069.
Saucerottia eximia, Reich., Aufz. der Colib., 1853, P- &■
Amazilia eximia, Reich., Troch. Enum., 1855, p. 8.
Stripe-tail, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 324.
V Euphéruse remarquable, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou.,
1874, t. i., p. 272.
Habitat. — Guatemala.
Maie. — Upperside golden-green, darker on head. Median
rectrices dark bronze-green, nearly black on edges and tips,
the two outermost ones on each side of inner webs white tor
170 Genera of Humming Birds.
about two-thirds of their length, the rest bluish-black. Under-
side luminous metallic, grass-green in some specimens, in
others golden-green. Undertail-coverts white. Base of
primaries and secondaries chestnut-red, rest purplish-black.
Bill black. Feet flesh colour.
Total length, 3-fin. Wing, 2\. Tail, \\. Culmen, \^.
Female. — Upperside golden-green. Underside grayish-
white, washed sparingly with green, on sides of breast and
flanks. Outermost feathers white for nearly their whole
length.
Total length, 3^in. Wing, 2. Tail, if. Culmen, -i-i.
Very abundant in Guatemala, where it was discovered by
Delattre.
*245. EUPHERUSA POLIOCERCA, Elliot , Ann. and Mag., Nat.
Hist., 1871, p. 266.
Gray Stripe-tail, Gould, Mon. Troch., Suppl., 1886, p. 84.
V Euphêruse à quene blanche, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou.,
1874, t. i., p. 271.
Habitat. — Putla, South Mexico.
Male. — Exactly the same as the preceding species, from
which it differs only in having the three outermost rectrices
white, with purplish-gray on the edges of outer webs and
tips.
It w r as collected by my traveller, Eugène Reibouch, at Putla.
I killed that species several years before in Chinantla, Oaxaca ;
but I do not know what became of my specimens. Probably
they were sold as E. eximia.
246. EUPHERUSA EGREGIA, Sclat. and Salv., P.Z.S., 1868,
p. 389.
Panama Stripe-tail, Gould, Mon. Troch., Suppl., 1886,
P . 85.
V Euphêruse distinguée ', Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1876,
t. i., p. 274.
Habitat. — Costa Rica, Veragua.
Maie. — Exactly the same as E. eximia, and probably the
same species. The only difference which 1 can see in the
specimens which I collected in Costa Rica, and others received
Genera of Humming Birds. 171
from Veragua, is that the two outermost rectrices on each side
of tail are white, to a longer extent than in E. eximia, margined
and tipped with bluish-black.
Genus LXXII. Callipharus, Elliot, Syn. H. Birds,
1879, p. 211.
CLOTHO, Muls., Cat. Ois. Mou., 1875, p. 9, (name already
employed).
Type : — E. nigriventris, Lawrence.
Bill about as long as the head, straight, wide at base, gradu-
ating to a point at the tip. Frontal leathers not projecting
on the culmen. Wings long and broad for their length. Tail
moderate, slightly rounded. Undertail-coverts reaching half
the length of the rectrices. Feet small. Tarsi partly clothed.
Sexes entirely unlike. " Elliot, loc. cit."
Habitat. — Costa Rica and Veragua.
247 Callipharus nigriventris, Lawr., Proceed. Acad. Nat.
Scien., Phil., 1867, p. 232.
Eupherusa (Clotho) nigriventris, Muls., Cat. Ois. Mou. r
1875, p. 9.
Thaumatias nigriventris, Sclat and Salv., Nomencl., 1873,
p. 92.
Black-bellied Humming-bird , Gould, Mon. Troch., Supply
1886, p. 83.
V Euphéruse à ventre noir, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou.,
1874, t. i., p. 270.
Habitat. — Costa Rica and Veraorua.
Male. — Forehead jet-black. Upperside golden-green Four
central rectrices dark greenish-bronze, the rest pure white
tipped with brownish-black. Wing-coverts golden-green.
Secondaries chestnut with purple tips, rest purplish. Under-
side jet-black. Flanks washed with bronze feathers. Vent
and undertail coverts white. Bill and feet black.
Total length, 31'n. Wing, 2. Tail, i|. Culmen, \.
Female. — Upperside bronzy-green. Median rectrices dark
greenish-bronze, tipped black, remainder white. Underside
ashy-gray. Wing like that of male. Bill black. Same size
as male.
172 Genera of Humming Birds.
This rare and peculiar species was discovered in Veragua.
by Mr. Endrés.
I have killed it at Naranjo, Costa Rica, in April, 1877.
My other specimens were collected in Veragua by Arce.
•GENUS LXXIII. Elvira, Muls. and Verr., Class, Troch.,
1865, p. 32.
TYPE : T. chionurus, Gould.
Bill shorter than the head, straight, with tip slightly curved.
Nostrils slightly exposed. Wings narrow, pointed, longer
than the tail. Tail slightly rounded. Tarsi clothed. Sexes
unlike.
Habitat. — Costa Rica and Veragua.
248. Elvira chionura, Gould, P.Z.S., 1850, p. 162.
Leucippus chionurus, Reich., Aufz. der Col., 1853, p. 11.
Thaumantias chionura, Bon., Rev. and Mag. Zool., 1854,
P- 255-
Elvira chionura, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874, t. i.,
p. 266.
White-tailed Emerald, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 300.
l'Elvire à queue d'un blanc de neige, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois.
Mou., 1874, t. i., p. 267.
Habitat. — Costa Rica and Veragua.
Male. — Upperside shining golden-green, sometimes dark
green. Median rectrices bronzy-green, lateral white with
black tips. Underside metallic emerald-green with golden
reflections. Centre of abdomen and undertail-coverts pure
white, some bronze feathers on undertail-coverts feathers in
some specimens. Wings purplish-brown. Maxilla black.
Mandible flesh colour with black tip.
Total length, 3§in. Wing, 2. Tail, if. Culmen, f.
Female. — Upperside shining-green. Median rectrices
bronzy-green, the one next to it on each side, bronze-green
with black tips, remainder white with subterminal black bar,
and white tips. Underside grayish-white with green feathers
on sides of breast and flanks. Wings purple-brown. Bill
black.
Total length, 3fin. Wing, i|-. Tail, if. Culmen, |-.
Genera of Humming Birds. 173
This species was discovered in Veragua, by Mr.
Warszewicz.
My specimens were collected in the same country, by
Arce ; others I collected in Costa Rica. These appear to be
slightly smaller than the specimens from Veragua, but I don't
think they can be separated.
Genus LXXIV. Lawrencius, n.g.
Type : — P. cupreiceps, Lawrence.
Bill about the length of the head, strongly curved, gradu-
ating to a very acute point. Wings long, reaching the end of
tail. Tail rounded. Median and outermost rectrices wide,
slightly shorter than the others. Feet large for the size of
the bird. Tarsi partly clothed. Nostrils partly exposed.
Sexes unlike.
Habitat. — Costa Rica.
249. Lawrencius cupreiceps, Lawr., Ann., N.Y., Lye. Nat.
Hist., 1866, vol. viii., p. 348.
Thaumatias cupreiceps, Sclat. and Salv., Nomencl, 1873,
p. 92.
Elvira cupreiceps, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874, t. i.,
p. 268.
Copper Crown, Gould, Mon. Troch., Suppl., 1886, p. 82.
V Elvire à tête cuivreuse, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874,
t. i., p. 268.
V Elvire de Lawrence.
Habitat. — Costa Rica.
Male. — Top of head metallic bronze at base of maxilla,
then shining coppery. Upperside golden-green. Uppertail-
coverts coppery-red. Median rectrices shining bronze with
reddish reflections, lateral pure white with a tinge of grayish
margin at tips. Underside luminous metallic emerald-green
with golden reflections. Anal region and thighs white.
Wings purplish-brown. Maxilla black. Mandible flesh
colour, with black tip.
Total length, 3J-in. Wing, i|. Tail, if. Culmen, y 5 ¥ .
Female. — Upperside shining green. Slightly coppery on
head. Uppertail coverts coppery. Median rectrices shining
174 Genera of Humming Birds.
bronze. Lateral, white, with a slight blackish subterminal
bar near the tips. Underside white with a grayish tint, and
green feathers on sides of throat, neck, breast, abdomen, and
flanks. Rest like the male.
Total length, 3-|in. Wing, i|. Tail, i-|. Culmen, T 5 -g.
This beautiful and rare species was discovered in Costa
Rica, by M. Carmiol. The type is in the National Museum
of Washington.
I found this species at Naranjo, Costa Rica, on the Atlantic
slope.
It is very rare.
I have made a new genus with this remarkable species,
which I dedicate to Mr. Lawrence, the celebrated American
Ornithologist.
Genus LXXV. Polytmus, Brisson., Ornith., 1760.
Thaumatias, Bon., Compt. Rend., 1850, p. 382.
Chrysobronchus , Bon., Rev. and Mag. Zool., 1854, p. 252.
Type : T. thaumantias , Linné.
Bill much longer than the head, slightly curved, wide at
base, and graduating to a point. Nostrils exposed. Wings
long, reaching nearly the end of the tail. Rectrices narrow,
of unequal length, rounded at tip.
Habitat. — Trinidad, Venezuela, Guiana, Columbia and
Brazil.
250. Polytmus thaumantias, Linné, Syst. Nat., 1766, vol. i.,
p. 489.
Trochilus virescens, Dumont, Diet., Sc. Nat., 18 18, p. 49.
Ornismya viridis, Less., Ois. Mou., 1829, p. 178.
Leucippus chrysobronchus, Reich., Aufz. der Col., 1853,
p. 11.
Thaumantias linnei, Bon., Rev. and Mag. Zool., 1854,
P- 255-
Chrysobronchus virescens, Bon., Rev. and Mag. Zool.,
1854, p. 252.
Golden-throated Humming-bird, Gould, Mon. Troch.,
vol. iv.. p. 230.
Genera of Humming Birds. 175
Le Chrysobronche à queue blanche and verte, Muls., Hist.
Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874, vol. i., p. 277.
Habitat. — Trinidad, Columbia, Venezuela, Guiana and
Brazil.
Male. — Upperside golden-green. Underside metallic yellow-
ish-green. In some specimens from Bahia, the underside is
of the most brilliant golden. A tuft of white feathers on each
side of anal region. Undertail-coverts shining green, edged
with white. Median rectrices shining green with the internal
edges whitish for about half their length, lateral ones having a
stripe of white on the outer web and tips white, outermost
ones green for about two-thirds of their length on inner web,
rest white. In some specimens the outer webs and tips are
white, the rest is shining green. Maxilla sometimes black,
sometimes light brown. Mandible flesh colour with black tips.
Wings purplish-brown.
Total length, 4|-in. Wing, 2\. Tail, i-|. Culmen, J.
Female. — I am not certain that the . female is of the same
colouration as the male. I have several specimens which I
consider as females. Here is the description : — Upperside
golden-green. Throat and breast whitish, speckled with many
metallic golden-green feathers. Abdomen and flanks pale
rufous. Undertail-coverts white. Median rectrices bronze-
green, slightly tipped white, lateral bronze-green for about
two-thirds of their length, the rest white.
251. Polytmus viridissimus, Vieill., Ois. Dor., t. i., p. 84.
Ornisfnya viridis, Less. Troch., 183 1, p. 96.
Trochilus theresiœ, Da Silva., Mai. Min. Bras., 1843, p. 2.
Amazilia viridissima, Bon., Consp. Gen. Av., 1850, vol. i.,
P- 77-
Smaragditisviridissima, Reich., Aufz. der Col., 1853, P- 7-
Chrysobronchus viridissimus, Bon., Rev. and Mag. Z00L,
1854, p. 252.
Chlorestes viridissimus, Reich., Troch. Enum., 1855, p. 4.
Thaumatias chrysurus, Burm., Th. Bras., 1856, t. ii., p. 345.
Green-tailed Humming-bird, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. iv.,
p. 231.
Le Chrysobronche tout vert, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou.,
1874, t. i., p. 280.
176 Genera of Humming Birds.
Habitat. — Guiana and Venezuela.
Male. — Upperside bronze-green. Underside shining grass-
green in some, and metallic golden-green in others. Tail
and undertail-coverts metallic grass-green. Maxilla black.
Mandible flesh colour at base, the rest black. Wings purplish-
black.
Total length, 3fin. Wing, 2§. Tail, if. Culmen, \.
Female. — Upperside bronzy-green. Underside golden-
green washed with whitish gray. Lateral feathers of tail
tipped white. Undertail-coverts shining green edged with
white. Rest of plumage like that of male.
252. Polytmus leucorrhous, Sclat.and Salv.,P.Z.S., 1867^.584.
Polytmus leucoproctus, Gray, Handl. Birds, p. 128.
Chroysobronchus leucorhous, Sclat and Salv., Nomenclator,
P . 89.
White-vented Golden-throat, Gould, Mon. Troch., Suppl.,
p. 86.
Le Chrysobronche â sous caudales blanches, Muls.,Hist. Nat.
Ois. Mou., 1874, t. i., p. 281.
Habitat. — Rio Negro (Brazil) and Peru.
Male. — Exactly like the preceding species from which it
differs only by the forehead, which is brown, and the undertail-
coverts pure white.
Female. — Differs by the outertail feathers tipped white.
This rare species was discovered by the celebrated Naturalist,
Mr. A. Wallace.
Genus LXXVI. Doleromyia, Bon., Rev. and Mag. Zool. r
1854, p. 249.
Dolerisca,Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., i860, t. iii., p. 6.
Type: T.fallax, Bourcier.
Bill longer than the head, straight, broad, and flat at base.
Wings long, primaries rather broad, the first slightly pointed.
Tail even, feathers broad and very slightly pointed. Feet
jarge, tarsi partly feathered. Sexes alike.
Habitat. — Venezuela.
Genera of Humming Birds. 177
253. DOLEROMYIA FALLAX, Bourc, Rev. Zool., 1843, p. 103.
Lampornis fulviventris, Gould, P.Z.S., 1846, p. 88.
Polytmus fallax, Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. i., p. 108.
Leucippus fallax, Bon., Consp. Gen. Av., 1850, p. 73.
Dolerisca fallax, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., i860, t. iiL
p. 6.
Dolerisca cervina, Gould, Int. Troch., 1861, p. 56.
Buff-breasted Leucippus, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. ii., p. 56-
La Doleromye trompeuse, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874,
t. i., p. 206.
Habitat. — Venezuela.
Male. — Upperside olive-green tinged with gray. Median
rectrices bronzy-green, lateral bronze green at base with a
subterminal brownish-black bar and largely tipped with white.
Throat, breast, and abdomen pale reddish-buff. A tuft on
each side of anal region, and undertail-coverts white. Wings
purplish-brown. Maxilla black. Mandible flesh colour with
black tip.
Total length, 4m. Wing, 2%. Tail, \\. Culmen, |.
It is a rare species.
Genus LXXVII. Basilinna, Boié, Isis, 1831, p. 546.
Heliopedica, Gould, Int. Troch., 1861, p. 60.
Type : T. leucotis, Vieillot.
Bill straight, about the length of the head. Wings long,
reaching the end of tail. Tail nearly even, slightly forked,
rectrices broad. Tarsi clothed, hind toe shorter than the
middle one. Sexes unlike.
Habitat. — California, Mexico, and Guatemala.
254. Basilinna leucotis, Vieill., Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., t. xxii.
p. 428.
Trochilus melanotis, Sw., Phil. Mag., 1827, p. 441.
Ornismya arsenii, Less., Ois. Mou., 1829, p. 60.
Hylocharis leucotis, Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. i., p. 114.
Heliopoedica melanotis, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. ii., p. 64.
Thaumatias leucotis, Bon., Consp. Gen. Av., 1850, p. 78.
178 Genera of Humming Birds.
Sapphironia lucida, Sclat., P.Z.S., 1858, p. 207.
Coeligena leucotis, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., t. i., p. 187.
Black-eared Humming-birdj Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. ii.,
p. 65.
Le Coeligène à oreilles blanches, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois.
Mou., t. i., p. 188.
Habitat. — Mexico and Guatemala.
Male. — Forehead and chin dark metallic sapphire-blue
Upperside bronzy-green, reddish and darker on neck. Feathers
on rump tinged with rufous. Throat and breast metallic
emerald-green. Abdomen and flanks shining-green washed
with gray. Undertail-coverts grayish-brown with centre
greenish-brown. Wings purple. Median rectrices bronze-
green, lateral black with external edges and tips bronze. Bill
flesh colour with black tips, more conspicuous on maxilla. A
tuft of white feathers on each side of anal region.
Total length, 3fin. Wing, 2\. Tail, if. Culmen, f.
Female. — Upperside bronze-green, slightly rufous on fore-
head. Underside pale gray, washed with green feathers on
throat, sides of breast and flanks. Rectrices like that of
male, lateral ones tipped with grayish-white. Maxilla black.
Mandible flesh colour with black tip. Ear-coverts black.
A white line above and behind the eye.
This species is rather abundant in Mexico, where I have
collected many specimens of both sexes. I have also one
specimen from Guatemala, where it is a rare species.
^255. BASILINNA XANTHUSI, Lawr., Ann. Lye, Nat. Hist.
N. Y., i860, p. 109.
Heliopaedica castaneo-cauda, Lawr., Ann. Lye, Nat. Hist.
N. Y., i860, p. 145.
Heliopoedica xanthusi, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. ii., p. 64.
Coeligena xanthusi, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., t. i., p. 190.
Xanthus Huinming-bird , Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. ii., p. 65.
Le Coeligène de Xanthus, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., t. i.,
p. 190.
Habitat. — Cape St. Lucas (California).
Male. — Differs from B. leucotis, in having the underside
rufous. Throat pale grass-green. Tail dark chestnut, tipped
with bronze. Bill flesh colour, with black tips.
Genera of Humming Birds. 179
Total length, 3§in. Wing, 2J. Tail, if. Culmen, J.
Female. — Upperside shining green. Front and entire
underside rufous. Median rectrices green, lateral rufous, with
black spots on the webs near the tips.
This extremely rare species was discovered in California by
Mr. John Xanthus. It was dedicated to him by Mr. Lawrence,
of New York. The type is in the collection of the Smithsonian
Institution.
Genus LXXVIII. Timolia, Muls., Cat. Ois. Mou., 1875^.23.
Type : T. lerchl, Mulsant and Verreaux.
Allied to the genus Eucephala. Bill longer than the head,
curved. Feathers of forehead projecting on the culmen.
Nostrils hidden. Tail forked. Tarsi clothed.
Habitat. — Columbia.
^256. TlMOLlA LERCHI, Muls. and Verr., Aun. Linn. Soc,
Lyon., 1868.
Eucephala lerchl, Muls. and Verr., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1878,
t. iv., p. 191.
Lerch's Sapphire, Gould, Mon. Troch., Suppl., 1886, p. 94.
L' Eucêphale de Lerch, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1878,
t. iv., p. 192.
Habitat. — Columbia.
Male. — Fore part of head and a spot on the chin shining
deep blue. Upper parts dark grass-green, passing into
reddish-bronze on the upper tail-coverts. Entire underparts
grass-green. Undertail-coverts olive-green. Wings purplish-
brown. Tail steel-black. Maxilla black. Mandible flesh
colour, with black tip.
Total length, 4^in. Wing, 2\. Tail, if. Culmen, -j-f.
"Elliot, loc. cit."
Type unique in the collection of the Museum of Natural
History of New York. " Ex. Elliot's Collection."
This remarkable species was discovered in Columbia by
Doctor Lerch, to whom it was dedicated by MM. Mulsant and
Verreaux.
i8o Genera of Humming Birds.
Genus LXXIX. Eucephala, Reich., Aufz. der Col., 1853,
p. 10.
Ulysses, Muls., Cat. Ois. Mou., 1875, p. 12.
Type : T. grayi, Delattre and Bourcier.
Bill longer than the head, rather broad at base, sharply
pointed at tip, nostrils exposed. Wings long and pointed,
reaching the end of tail. Tail slightly forked, rectrices broad.
Tarsi clothed. Sexes unlike.
Habitat. — Ecuador, Columbia.
257. Eucephala grayi, Delatt. and Bourc, Rev. Zool., 1846,
P- 3°7-
Hylocharis grayi, Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. i., p. 115.
Sapphironia grayi, Bon., Rev. and Mag. Zool., 1854, p. 256.
Ulysses grayi, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1875, t. ii., p. 41.
Blue-headed Sapphire, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 330.
l'Ulysse de Gray, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois., Mou., 1875, t. ii.,
p. 42.
Habitat. — Ecuador and Columbia.
Male. — Head and chin deep metallic prussian-blue. Upper-
side shining green, golden in some specimens. Tail steel-blue.
Throat, breast, abdomen and flanks metallic emerald green.
Undertail-coverts shining green, edged with grayish-white.
Wings purple-brown. A tuft of white feathers on each side
of anal region. Maxilla flesh colour at base, rest black. Man-
dible flesh colour with black tips.
Total length, 4§in. Wing, 2\. Tail, if. Culmen, f.
Female. — Upperside golden-green. Tail bronzy-green at
base with bluish edges. Tips spotted with grayish-white.
Underside grayish-white, speckled with bronzy-green feathers
on throat, breast, and flanks. Undertail-coverts shining
green, edged with gray. Bill flesh colour at base, rest black.
Mandible flesh colour with black tip. Same size as male.
This beautiful species was discovered by Delattre, at
Popayan (Columbia), and was dedicated to the late Mr. John
Gray, who was, for a long time, Curator of the Zoological
Department of the British Museum.
I have in my collection three typical specimens, male and
Genera of Humming Birds. 181
female, collected by Delattre (Ex Collection Bourcier), and
several specimens collected by Buckley in Ecuador.
Genus LXXX. Chlorestes, Reich., Aufz. der Col., 1853,
p. 7.
HALIA, Muls. and Verr., Cat. Ois. Mou. 1875, p. 12.
Type : Tcyanogenys, Wied.
Bill straight, about the length of the head ; rather broad at
base, sharply pointed. Nostrils exposed. Wings long and
pointed, reaching nearly the end of tail. Tail rounded,
rectrices narrow, outermost one slightly shorter than the
others. Feet small. Tarsi clothed. Sexes unlike.
Habitat. — Trinidad, Venezuela, Guiana, Brazil, Ecuador,
and Peru.
*258. Chlorestes cyanogenys, Max Wied, Beit. (1825-33),
t. iv., p. 10.
Ornismya wiedi, Less., Suppl. Ois. Mou., 1829, p. 150.
Hylocharis cyanogenys, Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. i, p. 115.
Saucerottia cyanogenys, Reich., Aufz. der Col. 1853, p. 7.
Eucephala cyanogenys, Gould, Int. Troch., 1861, p. 167.
Blue-faced Sapphire, Gould, Mon. Troch., Suppl. 1886, p. 93.
V Encéphale de Wied, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1878,
t. iv., p. 190.
Habitat. — Brazil.
Male. — Maxilla and feet black, the mandible flesh colour
with black tips. Upperpart golden-green with reddish-bronze
reflections. Primaries purplish-brown. Tail dark steel-blue
with blue and golden reflections. Chin beautiful blue as in
E. caerulea. Anal region white.
Total length about 3m. Wing, \\\. Tail, \. Bill, f.
Female. — Differs in having the under part grayish-white
(Pr. Max. I.e.)
I have several specimens from Bahia, which correspond
exactly to the above description, excepting the blue and
golden reflections of tail. The bill is shorter by § inch from
the ordinary specimens of Chlorestes caerulea; but I am not
certain at all that it should be kept as a separate species, as I
1 82 Genera of Humming Birds.
have specimens from Trinidad and Venezuela with the golden
colour of back. I have also one male specimen from
Venezuela with the whole of the underside, excepting the chin
of the most brilliant golden-green.
259. Chlorestes caerulea, Vieil!., Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat.
1817, p. 361.
Ornismya audeberti, Less., Ois. Mou., 1839, p.p. 30-164.
Trochilus audeberti, Wied. Betr., t. iv., p. 67.
Hylocharis caerulea, Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. i., p. 114.
Thaumatias caeruleus, Bon., Consp. Gen. Av., 1850, vol. i.,
P . 78.
Encephala caerulea, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 335.
Blue-chinned Sapphire, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 335.
l' Encéphale à gorge bleue, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou.,
1875, t. ii., p. 32.
Habitat. — Trinidad, Venezuela, Guiana, Brazil, and Peru.
Male. — Upperside dark grass-green in some specimens, in
others golden-green. Tail steel-blue. Chin shining blue.
Rest of underside luminous yellowish-green in some specimens,
in others metallic emerald-green. Undertail-coverts shining
green. Anal region white. Maxilla black. Mandible flesh
colour with black tip. Wings purple.
Total length, 3-g-in. Wing, 2. Tail, if. Culmen, f.
Female. — Upperside like that of male. Underside grayish
white more or less tipped with green on sides of neck, breast,
abdomen, and flanks.
It is very abundant in Trinidad and Guiana, and it varies
very much in the colouring of its plumage.
*26o Chlorestes chlorocephala, Bourcier, Rev. and Mag.
Zool., 1854, p. 457.
Agyrtria chlorocephala, Reich., Troch. Enum., 1855, p. 7.
Leupidopygia chlorocephala, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein.,
i860, t. iii., p. 40.
Hylocharis chlorocephalus, Bon., Rev. and Mag. Zool.,
1854, p. 255.
Green-headed Sapphire, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 332.
Genera of Humming Birds. 183
V Eucephalë a tête verte, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1875,
t. ii., p. 30.
Habitat. — Ecuador.
Male. — Top of head greenish-blue. Upperside bronzy-
green. Uppertail-coverts coppery-bronze. Chin, throat, and
abdomen, shining grass-green. Thighs white. Undertail-
coverts dark olive margined with white. Tail steel-blue.
Bill black, base of mandible flesh colour.
Length of bill, 33 mill. Wing, 55 mill. Tail, 38 mill, middle
feathers, 30 mill. " Bourcier."
Female. — U n k n o w n .
Type in British Museum. '* Ex. Gould's Collection."
*26i CHLORESTES SMARAGDO-CAERULEA, Gould, Mon. Troch.,
vol. v., p. 331.
Eucephala smaragdinea, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1875,
t. ii., p. 37.
Green and blue Sapphire, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 331.
r Encéphale émeraude, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou. 1875,
vol. ii., p. 38.
Habitat. — Novo-Friburgo, " Brazil."
Male. — Crown of the head and throat glittering greenish-
blue, imperceptibly passing into the glittering green of the
breast ; back of the neck and uppersurface golden-green ;
undertail-coverts green inclining to purple on some of the
feathers; thighs brown ; tail bluish-black, the two outer feathers
on each side slightly tipped with white ; bill black, w T ith the
exception of the basal half of the under mandible which is
flesh-colour.
Total length, 3fin. Wing, 2\. Tail, if. Bill, }.
" Gould loc. cit."
Female unknown.
This is a very rare species. The type is in the British
Museum. " Ex. Coll. Gould."
^262. CHLORESTES CAERULEO-LAVATA, Gould, P.Z.S., i860,
p. 306.
Reeve 1 s Sapphire, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 333.
V Encéphale à poitrine bleue, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou.,
1875. t. ii., p. 40.
184 Genera of Humming Birds.
Habitat. — San Paolo, Brazil.
Male. — Crown of the head greenish-blue, not very brilliant,
but having a few conspicuous small bright blue feathers
intermingled ; throat and breast bright greenish-blue, passing
into purer green on the flanks ; back of the neck and back
deep grass-green ; wings purplish-brown ; uppertail-coverts
bronzy-orange ; undertail-coverts bronzy purplish-brown ; two
middle tail feathers deep purplish-bronze, the next on each
side is washed with bronze on its outer margin, the remaining
feathers purplish-black ; thighs grayish-white ; the bill appears
to have been reddish flesh-colour at the base of both mandibles
and black at the tip.
Total length, 3fin. Wing, 2\. Tail, \\. Bill, J.
" Gould, loc. cit."
I think it is still unique in the British Museum. " Type Ex.
Gould's Collection. "
^■263. Chlorestes hypocyanea, Gould, P.Z.S., i860, p. 306.
Blue-breasted Sapphire, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 334.
V Encéphale à poitrine bleue, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou.,
1875, t. ii., p. 36.
Habitat. — Brazil ?
Male. — Crown of the head, back of the neck, back, and
flanks somewhat dull green. Throat and breast brilliant blue,
passing into glittering green on the centre of the abdomen.
Wings purplish-brown. Uppertail-covers reddish-bronze.
Undertail-coverts brownish-black with bronzy tips. Tail
steel-black. Thighs brown. Upper mandible black. Basal
two-thirds of the lower mandible flesh colour, the apical third
black.
Total length, 3Jin. Bill, |. Wing, 2. Tail, if. u Gould,loc.cit."
Type of species now in the British Museum. They have
also a female, which resembles the female of C. caerulea.
It looks very much the same as E. caeruleo-lavata. — Edit.
^264. Chlorestes pyropygia, Salv. and Godm., Ibis., 189 1,
p. 596.
Eire rumped Sapphire, Gould, Mon. Troch., Suppl., 1886,
p. 92.
Genera of Humming Birds. 185
V Encéphale à croupion couleur de feu.
Habitat. — Ecuador.
Closely allied to the preceding species from which it is
distinguished by the metallic colour of the crown, which is
bluish-green. Underside shining bluish-green, the whole of
the middle of the throat washed with brighter blue. Lower
part of back russet, with the uppertail-coverts coppery-
reddish. Wings dusky. Tail steel-black, slightly rounded.
Total length, 3^in. Wing, i T 9 -g-. Centre tail feathers, \\.
Outer ones, 1. Bill, T 9 6 .
Type of species in British Museum.
^265. Chlorestes subcaerulea, Elliot, His., 1874, p. 87.
Blue-breasted Sapphire, Gould, Mon. Troch., Suppl., 1886,
p. 92.
V Encéphale à gorge et cou bleus, Muls., His. Nat. Ois.
Mou., 1875, t. ii., p. 35.
Habitat. — Brazil ?
Male. — Upperpart of head and back dull green, rest of
back and upper-tail coverts dark green, with a rufous tinge
dispersed all over these parts ; throat, breast, and centre of
abdomen beautiful metallic caerulean-blue ; flanks shining
grass-green. Lower part of abdomen covered by fluffy-white
feathers. Undertail-coverts metallic green. Wings purple.
Tail bluish-black. Maxilla black ; mandible yellow (in life
possibly red), for its entire length, save the tip which is black.
Feet brownish black. Thighs buffy-white.
Total length, 3^in. Wing, 2. Tail, if. Culmen, f.
u Elliot, loc. cit."
Type unique in Elliot's Collection, now the property of
the New York Museum of Natural History.
*266. Chlorestes (?) scapulata, Gould, Int. Troch., 1861,
p. 166.
Black-bellied Sapphire, Gould, Mon. Troch. Suppl., p. 91.
r Encéphale à epaulettes, Muls. Hist. Ois. Mou., 1875,
t. ii., p. 34.
Habitat. — Guiana ?
Male. — Crown of the head, back of the neck, and lower
1 86 Genera of Humming Birds.
part of the back very deep dull green ; throat and chest
glittering greenish-blue, imperceptibly passing into the dull
brownish-black of the abdomen ; undertail-coverts brown with
a wash of dull blue in the centre of each feather ; a mark of
blue on each side at the insertion of the wing, forming an
indistinct band across the back ; uppertail-coverts bronzy-
green ; tail steel-black, rather short for the size of the bird
and slightly forked ; wings deep purplish-brown ; tarsi clothed
with intermingled grayish-white and brown feathers ; upper
mandible black ; basal half of the under mandible fleshy, the
apical half black.
Total length, jfin. Bill, J. Wing, 2 T 1 B -. Tail, if.
" Gould, loc. cit."
Type, Ex. Gould's Collection, still unique in the British
Museum.
Genus LXXXI. Saucerottia, Bon., Compt. Rend., 1850,
p. 381.
Erythronota, Gould, Int. Troch., 1861, p. 169.
Eratopis, Heine., Journ. fur Ornith., 1863, p. 191.
Erasuria, Hein., Journ. fur Ornith., 1863, p. 191.
Lisoria, Muls., Cat. Ois. Mou., 1875, p. 11.
TYPE : O. erythronota, Lesson.
Bill longer than the head, straight, broad at base, graduating
to an acute point. Wings narrow and long, reaching the end
of tail. Tail slightly forked. Rectrices narrow, middle ones
shorter than the next one, which is also shorter than the third
one, the two outermost ones of same length and longest of all,
always steel-blue or greenish-black. Nostrils exposed. Feet
small. Tarsi clothed. Sexes nearly similar.
Habitat. — Central America, Guiana, Venezuela, Columbia,
Trinidad, and West Indies Islands.
267. Saucerottia erythronota, Less., Ois. Mou., 1829,
p. 181.
Ornismya erythronotus, Less., Rev. Zool., 1839, p. 19.
Polytmus erythronotus, Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. i., p. 108.
Chlorestes erythronotus, Reich., Troch. Enum., 1855, p. 4.
Hemithylaca erythronota, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein.,
i860, t. iii. p. 37.
Genera of Humming Birds. 187
Erythronota antiqua, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 316.
Ariana erythronota, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874, t. i.,
P- 323-
Erythronote, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 316.
I Ariane erythronote, Muls., His. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874,
t. i., p. 323.
Habitat. — Trinidad.
Male. — Forehead metallic green. Neck and upper part of
back shining golden-green. Lower part of back and rump
coppery-red. Uppertail-coverts purplish-bronze. Tail steel-
blue. Underside brilliant metallic grass-green. Thighs and
patch on the flanks white. Undertail-coverts sometimes rufous
or purplish-gray edged with rufous. Wings purple. Maxilla
black. Mandible flesh colour with black tip.
Total length, 3|in. Wing, 2. Tail, i\. Culmen, -|.
Female. — Upperside like the male, excepting the uppertail-
coverts which are rufous-bronze. All the reccrices of tail
tipped with reddish-bronze. Underside like that of male but
less brilliant.
Very common species in Trinidad.
268. Saucerottia feliciae, Less., Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 72.
Ornismya feliciana, Less., Rev. Zool., 1844, p. 433.
Chlorestes feliciae, Reich., Troch. Enum., 1855, p. 4.
Hemithylaca feliciae, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., i860,
t. iii., p. 38.
Erythronota feliciae, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 317.
Felicia's Erythronote, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 317.
V Ariane de Fêlicie, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874, t. i.,
p. 320.
Habitat.—- Venezuela.
Male. — The only difference which I can see between this
species and S. erythronota is the colour of the top of the head
which is metallic golden-green. I have one fine male specimen
which has the whole of the underside metallic golden-green r
but this variety of colour exists also in S. erythronota.
Female. — Less brilliantly coloured than the male, with the
central parts of abdomen and lower parts of flank grayish.
1 88 Genera of Humming Birds.
In one of my specimens the tips of outermost rectrices are
bronzy-red.
My specimens were collected in Caracas, by Doctor Carlos
Rojas.
269. SAUCEROTTIA WELLSI, Boucard, Hum. Bird, 1893, v °l- iii-,
p. 8.
Wells' Erythronote.
I' Erythronote de Wells.
Habitat. — Grenada, " British West Indies."
Male. — Forehead metallic grass-green. Upperside dark
shining green, passing to bronze on lower part of back, rump,
and uppertail-coverts. Tail shining dark purplish-blue.
Underside metallic grass-green. A tuft on flanks, anal region,
and thighs white. Undertail-coverts bronze margined with,
gray. Wings purple-brown. Maxilla black. Mandible flesh
colour with black tip.
Total length, 3fin. Wing, 2 J. Tail, 1^. Culmen, -|.
Female. — Exactly like the male, but slightly less brilliant.
Centre of anal region grayish.
This species is closely allied to S. erythronota, but can be
easily distinguished from that species by the colour of the
upperside and tail.
It was sent to me, from Grenada, by Mr. Wells.
Types in Boucard' s Museum.
270. SAUCEROTTIA HOFFMANNI, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein.,
i860, t. iii., p. 60.
Hemithylaca hoffmanni, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., i860,
t. iii., p. 60.
Hoffmann's Erythronote.
la Saucêrotte d'Hoffmann.
Habitat. — Costa Rica.
Male. — Upperside dark shining green, passing to bronze on
rump, with a bar of purplish-red close to the uppertail-coverts.
Uppertail-coverts and tail shining deep blue. Underside
metallic grass-green. Undertail-coverts shining blue, fringed
with gray. Wings purplish. Maxilla black. Mandible flesh
colour, with black tip.
Total length, 3|in. Wing, 2 J. Tail, i\. Culmen, f.
Genera of Humming Birds. 189
Female. — Exactly like the male, but less brilliant. Abdomen
and flanks green tinged with gray. Tips of lateral rectrices
reddish-bronze. Same size as male.
I collected several specimens of both sexes of this species
at San Jose, Costa Rica, from January to April, 1877.
It was discovered in Costa Rica, by Doctor Hoffmann.
271. SAUCEROTTIA SOPHIAE, Bour. and Muls., Ann. Soc. Agr.,
Lyon., 1846, t. ix., p. 318.
Trochilus caligatus, Gould, P.Z.S., 1848, p. 14.
Poly t mus sophiae, Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. i. p. 109.
Amazilius sophiae, Bon., Consp. Gen. Av., 1850, p. 78.
Chlorestes sophiae, Reich., Troch. Enum., 1855, p. 4.
Saucerottia warszewiczi, Cab. and Heine, Mus. Hein.,
i860, t. iii., p. 38.
Hemithyiaca warszewiczi, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., i860,
t. iii., p. 38.
Hemithyiaca braccata, Heine, Journ. fur Ornith., 1863, p.
193-
Ariana Sophiae, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874, t. i., p.
328.
Sophia's Erythronote, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 322
l'Ariane de Sophie, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874, t. i.,
p. 329.
Ariana warszewiczi, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874, t.i.,
P- 327-
Warszewicz's Amazili, Gould, Mon. Troch., Suppl., 1886,
P . 89.
l'Ariane de Warszewicz, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874,
t. i., p. 327.
Habitat. — Columbia and Venezuela.
Maie. — The only difference between this species and S.
hoffmanni consists in the general colour of the upperside,
which is darker green, the rump of the same colour, with only
a few purplish-red feathers near the uppertail-coverts, the
wing-coverts are shining green. In S. sophiae they are
reddish bronze. Both species are of the same size. The
female is less brilliant, and has no spots on the rectrices.
igo Genera of Humming Birds.
My specimens of this species were collected at Valencia and
Baranquilla (Columbia), and I have also a large series from.
Merida, Venezuela. There is no difference whatever between
them, and the name of H. braccata Heine is not valid.
This species was discovered by Delattre, in Columbia.
This is certainly the species described by Messrs. Mulsant
and Bourcier, and figured by Gould, in volume 5 of his
Monograph, page 322. Hence the priority of S. hoffmanni
for the Costa Rican species.
■^272. SAUCEROTTIA SAUCEROTTEI, Delattre and Bourc, Rev.
Zool., 1046, p. 311.
Polytmus saucerottei, Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. i., p. 108.
Saucerottia typica, Bon., Consp. Gen Av., vol. i., p. 77.
Chlorestes typica, Reich., Troch. Enum., p. 4.
Erythronota saucerottei, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 321.
Hemithylaca saucerottei, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., t. iii.,
p. 38.
Ariana saucerottei, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874, t. i.,
p. 321.
Saucerotte's Erythronote, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v.
p. 321.
l'Ariane de Saucerotte, Muls., His. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874,
t. i., p. 331.
Habitat. — Columbia.
Male. — Top of head and upper surface dark grass-green ;
under surface luminous green, much lighter than the upper-
parts. Vent white. Undertail-coverts dark bronzy-brown
edged with grayish-white. Wings purple. Uppertail-coverts
and tail steel-black. Maxilla black. Mandible flesh colour,
tip black.
Total length, 3Jin. Wing, if. Tail, if. Oilmen, f.
Female. — Like the male, but not so bright.
This species was discovered in Columbia, by Delattre.
273. Saucerottia cyanifrons, Bourc, Rev. Zool., 1843,.
p. 100.
Polytmus cyanifrons, Gray, Gen. Birds, 1844-49, v °ï- I r
p. 108.
Genera of II it mining Birds. 191
Tlial ura nia cyanifrons, Bon., Consp. Gen. Av., 1850, p. 77.
Chlorestes cyanifrons, Reich., Troch. Enum., 1855, p. 4.
Hemithylaca cyanifrons, Heine, Journ. fur Ornith., 1863,
p. 191.
Ariana cyanifrons, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874, t. i.,
P- 332.
Blue-capped Saucerottia, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 223.
la Saucêrotte à tête bleue.
Habitat. — Columbia.
Male. — -Head deep shining blue. Upperside bronzy-green,
passing to dull bronze on rump. Uppertail-coverts bluish-
bronze. Tail bluish-black. Underside brilliant metallic
grass-green, golden on centre of abdomen in some specimens.
Sides of flanks and thighs white. Undertail-coverts, purplish-
bronze margined with white. Wings purple. Maxilla black.
Mandible flesh colour, with black tip.
Total length, 3fin. Wing, 2 J. Tail, \\. Culmen, -|.
Female. — Upperside like that of male, but less brilliant.
Underside metallic grass-green with the centre of abdomen
and sides of flanks gray. Undertail-coverts pale olive
margined with gray.
Total length, 3Jin. Wing, 2. Tail, if. Culmen, -§.
This species is very common in Columbia, where it was
discovered by M. Rieffer.
I have one male specimen with white feathers on head,
neck and throat, as if passing to albinism.
274. Saucerottia nunezi, Boucard, Hum. Bird, 1892, p. 81.
Nunez's Saucerottia.
la Saucêrotte de Nunez.
Habitat. — Columbia.
Male. — Upperside black with purplish reflections. Upper-
tail-coverts purplish, each feather margined with grayish-green.
Tail dark steel-blue. Wings bluish-purple. Throat shining
dark purple, each feather with a white band above the purple,
giving a scaly appearance to that part. Abdomen and flanks
purplish, margined with gray. A patch on each side of flanks,
vent, and tarsal tuft pure white. Undertail-coverts dark
ig2 Genera of Hu7nming Birds.
brownish-green with white margin. Maxilla black. Mandible
flesh colour with black tip.
Total length, 3|in. Wing, 2. Tail, if. Culmen, |-.
Female. — Unknown.
Type of species in my collection.
Genus LXXXII. Amazilia, Reichenback, Av. Syst. Nat.,
1849, pi. 39.
Amazilis, Lesson, Ind. Gen. et Syn. Genr. Troch., 1822,
p. 27.
Amazilia, Reich., Avium. Syst. Nat., 1849, p. 39.
Amazilius, Bon., Consp. Gen. Av., 1850, vol. i., p. 77.
Pyrrhophaena, Cab.andHein.,Mus. Hein.,i86o,t. iii.,p. 35.
HEMYTHILACA, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., i86o,t. iii., p.37.
HEMISTILBON, Gould, Int. Troch., i860, p. 149.
Eranna, Heine, Journ. fur Ornith., 1863, p. 187.
ERATINA, Hein., Journ. fur Ornith., 1863, p. p. 190-191.
ARIANA, Muls. and Verr., Class. Troch., 1865, p. 36.
MYLETES, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874, t. i., p. 284.
Type. — O. amazili. Lesson.
Bill longer than the head, slightly curved, broad at base,
graduating to an acute point. Feathers of forehead not
projecting on the culmen. Nostrils exposed. Wings long
and pointed. Tail slightly forked, outermost rectrice of the
same length as the middle one, the other three nearly even,
and longer. Tarsi clothed. Sexes nearly alike.
Habitat. — Mexico, Central America, Très Marias Islands,
Columbia, Ecuador, and Peru.
275. Amazilia amazili, Less., Voy. Coq., 1826, pi. 31.
Ornismya amazili, Less., Ois. Mou., 1829, p. 27.
Trochilus (Lampornis) amazilia, Tschud. Consp. Av., p. 37.
Polytmus amazili, Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. i., p. 108.
Amazilia latirostris, Bon., Consp. Gen. Av., 1850, vol. i.,
P- 77-
Amazilia pristina, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 303.
Genera of Humming Birds. 193
Pyrrhophaena amazilia, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., i860,
t. iii., p. 35.
Amazilia lessoni, Mais., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874, t. i.,
p. 293.
Amazili, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 303.
l' Amazili de Lesson, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874,
t. i., p. 293.
Habitat. — Peru.
Male. — Upperside bronzy-green. Tail pale chestnut, glossed
on the edges and tips of central feathers with greenish-bronze.
Throat and sides of breast metallic emerald-green. Breast
white. Abdomen and flanks rufous. Wings purplish-brown.
Bill flesh colour with black tips.
Total length, 4m. Wing, 2-|. Tail, if. Culmen, -|.
It is a rare species. It was discovered by Lesson in the
neighbourhood of Lima. My specimens of this species were
also collected near Lima.
276. Amazilia forreri, Boucard, Hum. Bird, 1893, vol. iii.,
p. 7.
Forrer's Amazili.
r A?nazili de Forrer.
Habitat. — Mazatlan.
Male. — Upperside shining golden-green, brownish on head.
Rump and uppertail-coverts chestnut. Median rectrices
purplish-chestnut, passing to reddish bronze at tips, lateral
purplish-chestnut with dark reddish-black edges near the tips,
outermost one chestnut. Throat and sides of neck golden-
green. Breast, abdomen, and vent white. Flanks pale rufous.
Undertail-coverts pale chestnut margined with white. Wings
brown, passing to purple on shoulders. Maxilla black.
Mandible flesh colour with black tip.
Total length, 4m. Wing, 2 J. Tail, i\. Culmen, -|.
I have only one specimen of this new species, which I
bought in San Francisco (California). It was sold to me with
some other birds, as having been collected in Mazatlan, by Mr.
Forrer.
Type in Boucard's Museum.
194 Genera of Humming Birds.
277. AMAZILIA LEUCOPHAEA, Reich., Aufz. der Col., 1853,
p.p. 10-24.
Pyrrhophaena leucophaea, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein.,
i860, t. iii., p. 35.
White-breasted Amazili, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 306.
V Amazili à poitrine blanche, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou.,
1874, t. i., p. 291.
Habitat. — Peru.
Male. — Upperside golden-green. Rump and undertail-
coverts rufous. Tail rufous, median feathers edged and tipped
bronze. Throat and sides of neck golden-green. Breast white.
Rest of underside rufous. Wings pale brown. Bill flesh
colour with black tips.
Total length, 3Jin. Wing, 2\. Tail, 1^. Culmen, f.
It is a rare species.
^278. Amazilia alticola, Gould, P.Z.S., i860, p. 309.
Mountain's Amazili, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 304.
V Amazili alticole, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874, t. i.,
p. 289.
Habitat. — Ecuador.
Adult. — Upperparts bronzy-green, darkest on the head.
Upperparts of throat and sides of neck metallic golden-green.
Rest of underparts white, except flanks which are buff. The
white undertail-coverts are washed with buff. Uppertail-
■coverts and tail chestnut, median rectrices tipped with bronzy-
green. Wings purplish-brown. Bill flesh colour, with black
tip. Feet black.
Total length, 3fin. Wing, 2\. Tail, if. Culmen, |.
" Gould, loc. cit."
According to Elliot, specimens vary in their colouration,
and some are almost entirely white beneath, with just a few
feathers of the throat tipped with golden-green.
This rare species was discovered in Ecuador, by Bourcier.
279. Amazilia dumerili, Less., Ois. Mou., Suppl., 1831,
p. 172.
Polytmus dumerili, Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. i., p. 109.
Genera of Humming Birds. 195
Pyrrhophaena du mer Hi, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., i860,
t. iii., p. 36.
DumeriVs Amazili, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 305.
VAmazili de Dumêril, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874,
t. i., p. 288.
Habitat. — Ecuador.
Male. — This species is closely allied to the preceding one,
but it has the uppertail-coverts and tail bronzy-green. The
breast is pure white, encircled by metallic green feathers.
Abdomen and flanks rufous. Undertail-coverts white, washed
with pale rufous. Bill flesh colour with black tips.
Total length, 3fin. Wing, 2\. Tail, \\. Culmen, -g.
Female. — Differs by having the green feathers of throat and
sides of breast much less bright than the male, the middle of
the abdomen white, and pale rufous tips on lateral rectrices.
It is a rare species. It was dedicated by Lesson to Dumeril,
Member of the French Institute, and a well-known Scientist.
280. Amazilia GRAYSONI, Lawr., Ann. N.Y., Lye, Nat. Hist.,
1867, p. 404.
Grayson's Amazili, Gould, Mon. Troch., Suppl., 1886,
P . 87.
VAmazili de Grayson, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874,
t. i., p. 286.
Habitat. — Très Marias Islands, Mexico.
Maie. — Upperside dark shining golden-green, brownish on
forehead. Uppertail-coverts and tail cinnamon, all the rectrices
tipped with dark bronze, appearing nearly black in certain
lights ; the outermost ones are also edged with bronze on
their external webs, excepting the base. Wings purplish.
Underside cinnamon. Bill flesh colour with black tips.
Total length, 4-fin. Wing, 2J. Tail, 2J. Culmen, iy 1 -^.
Female. — Slightly smaller and paler, otherwise like the
male.
This rare species was discovered by Mr. Grayson, and
dedicated to him by Mr. Lawrence.
My specimen, from which the above description is taken,
was collected by Mr. Forrer, in Très Marias Islands.
196 Genera of Humming Birds.
281. Amazilia cinnamomea, Less. Rev. Zool., 1842, p. 175
Ornysmia rutila, Delatt., Echo du monde savant, 1843, P
1069.
Trochilus corallirostris, Bourc. and Muls., Ann. Soc. Agr
Lyon, 1846, t. ix., p. 328.
Amazilius erythrorhynchus, Bon. Compt. Rend., 1850
p. 382.
Amazilius corallirostris, Bon. Consp. Gen. Av., 1850, vol
i., p. 77.
Pyrrhophaena corallirostris, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein.
i860, t. iii., p. 35.
Eranna cinnamomea, Heine, Journ. fur Ornith., 1863, p. 187
Coral-billed Amazili, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 307.
V Amazili à poitrine rousse ) Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou.
1874, t. i., p. 285.
Habitat. — Mexico, Guatemala, and Costa Rica.
Male. — The only difference between this species and A.
graysoni is in its much smaller size, the tips of rectrices which
are metallic bronze or metallic bronze-green, and the forehead
of the same colour as the rest of the upperside.
The female is slightly paler than the male.
Total length, 3-fin. Wing, 2-|. Tail, \\. Culmen, |.
I think that the discoverer of this species is Delattre, who
communicated it to Lesson.
I have some specimens of this species collected by
Sumichrast, at Tehuantepec, Mexico, and others which I
collected at Punta-Arenas, Costa Rica.
282. Amazilia yucatanensis, Cabot., Proceed. Nat. Hist.,
Boston, 1845, p. 74.
Pyrrhophaena yucatanensis, Gould, Int. Troch., 1861,
P- 157-
Err ana yucatanensis, Heine, Journ. fur Ornith., 1863,
p. 187.
Yucatan Amazili, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v. p. 308.
l'Amazili du Yucatan, Muls., His. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874, t.
i., p. 295.
Habitat. — Yucatan, Mexico.
Genera of Humming Birds. 197
Male. — Upperside golden-green. Tail chestnut with bronze
tips, which are scarcely visible on the two outermost feathers.
Throat and breast metallic green, with golden reflections.
Abdomen and under-tail coverts cinnamon. Wings purplish-
brown. Bill flesh colour with black tips.
Total length, 4m. Wing, 2-|. Tail, i-|. Culmen, \\.
It is a rare species. My specimens were collected by
Gaumer, in Yucatan.
I have also one specimen sent by the same collector, at the
same time, which 1 consider as the female of that species.
It is exactly coloured as the male, but all the underside is
cinnamon as A. cinnamomea ; the tail is exactly like that of
the male with greenish bronze spots at tips of outermost
rectrices ; the external webs of these rectrices are also bronzy-
green.
283. Amazilia cerviniventris, Gould, P.Z.S., 1856, p. 150
Pyrrhophaena cerviniventris, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein.
i860, t. iii., p. 36.
Err ana cerviniventris, Heine, Journ. fur Ornith., 1863
p. 187.
Fawn-breasted Amazili, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 309
V Amazili à ventre de biche, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou.
1874, t. i., p. 297.
Habitat. — Mexico.
Male. — Upperside golden-green. Median rectrices dark
rufous margined, and tipped bronze, lateral rufous with ex-
ternal webs and tips bronze. Underside metallic green,
golden on breast and sides of neck. Abdomen pale rufous.
Flanks pale rufous, washed with golden feathers. Undertail-
coverts pale rufous. Wings purplish brown. Bill flesh colour
with black tips.
Total length, 3§in. Wing, 2§". Tail, i|. Culmen, \\.
This species was discovered by Mr. Salle and myself, at
Tospam, near Cordoba, Mexico. It is closely allied to
A. yucatanensis, but easily distinguished from that species
by the colour of the abdomen, undertail-coverts, and flanks,
and the tail. In A. yucatanensis, the lateral rectrices are
much narrower, with small bronzy-black tips, instead of large
bronze tips.
198 Genera of Humming Birds.
^284. Amazilia castaneiventris, Gould, P.Z.S., 1856, p. 150.
Chestnut-bellied Amazili, Gould, Mon. Troch.,vol.v.,p.3io.
I'Amazili a ventre marron.
Habitat. — Columbia.
Crown of the head, upper part of the back and shoulders
reddish-bronze ; rump and uppertail-coverts grayish, with a
bronzy lustre ; wings purplish-brown with the exception of
the basal portion of the primaries and secondaries, which are
rufous ; tail dark chestnut tipped with a bronzy lustre, of
great extent and most conspicuous on the centre feathers;
throat, forepart of the neck, breast, and upperpart of the
abdomen shining golden-green ; undersurface of the shoulders,
lower part of the abdomen and undertail-coverts fine chest-
nut-red ; thighs white ; upper mandible brownish-black, under
mandible flesh colour, except the tip, which is brownish-black.
Total length, 3^in. Bill, J. Wing, 2^. Tail, ij.
" Gould, loc. cit."
This species differs from A cerviniventris, in the much
greater depth of the chestnut colouring of the abdomen,
undertail-coverts and tail, in size it is considerably less than
in that species, being even smaller than A. beryllina, to which
it offers an alliance in the colouring of the wings ; but from
which it differs in the colouring of its abdomen ; the white
feathers of the thighs are much developed and very conspicuous.
285. Amazilia fuscicaudata, Fras., P.Z.S., 1840, p. 17.
Trochilus riefferi, Bourc, Rev. Zool., 1843, p. 103.
Trochilus aglaiae, Bourc. and Muls., Ann. Soc. Phys. and
Se. Lyon, 1846, p. 329.
Hylocharis fuscicaudatus, Gray, Gen. Birds, vol. i. p. 114.
Amazilius, aglaiae, Bon. Consp. Gen. Av., 1850, vol. i., p-7i"
Trochilus dubusi, Bourc, Soc. Agr. Lyon, 1852, p. 141.
Polytmus aglaiae, Gray, Gen. Birds, 1844-49, vol. L, p. 109.
Saucerottia aglaiae, Reich., Aufz. der Colib., 1853, P- I0 -
Chlorestes aglaiae, Reich., Troch. Enum., 1855, p. 4.
Pyrrhophaena riefferi, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., i860,
t. iii., p. 36.
Pyrrhophaena suavis, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., i860,
t. iii., p. 36.
Genera of Humming Birds. 199
Hemithylaca aglaiae, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., i860,
t. hi., p. 36.
Errana jacunda, Heine, Journ. fur Ornith., 1863, p. 188.
Rieffer's Amaziti, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 311.
VArianne de Rieffer, Muls., Hist. Xat. Ois. Mou.. 1874,
t. i-, p- 3I7-
Habitat. — Mexico, Central, America, Columbia, and Ecuador.
Male. — Upperside shining bronze-green, with golden re-
flections. Uppertail-coverts reddish-chestnut. Tail chestnut,
all the rectrices more or less margined and tipped bronze. In
some specimens, especially from Costa Rica, and Guatemala,
the margins and tips of rectrices are purplish-black bronze.
Throat and breast brilliant metallic grass-green, golden in some
specimens. Abdomen and flanks pale brown, washed with
green feathers. Undertail-coverts rufous. Wings purplish.
Bill flesh colour with black tips. Thighs, and a tuft on each
side of vent white.
Total length, 4111. Wing, 2§. Tail, 1^-. Culmen, -|.
Female. — Less brightly coloured than the male.
This is one of the most common species, and with the
widest range. I have collected many specimens in Guatemala,
Costa Rica, and Panama, and I cannot see the least difference
between these and the specimens which I have from Columbia
and Ecuador. Therefore, I think as Mr. Elliot, that all of
them belong to the same species.
*286. Amazilia lawrencei, Elliot, Auk., 1889, pp. 209-210.
Amazilia aeneobrnnnea, Chap., Journ. fur Ornith., 1889,
P- 3^9-
Laic rence's Amazili.
V A ma 2 Hi de Laurence.
Habitat. — Columbia ?
Crown of head, neck, back, upperwing-coverts, and upper-
tail coverts dull bronzy-green. Wings purple, base of primaries
and secondaries blackish. Throat, sides of neck, and breast
glittering grass-green; lower part of flanks and abdomen very
dark chestnut-brown; undertail-coverts cinnamon. Tail bright
chestnut, tips and edges of both webs bluish-black, most
extensive on lateral feathers, reaching on outer webs nearly
2oo Genera of Humming Birds.
to their base. Maxilla black, mandible black with a slight
indication of flesh-colour at the base. Feet black.
Length of wing, 2 T 1 2-in. Tail, \. Culmen, ~^. "Elliot loc cit."
This species is easily distinguished from all the others by
its black bill, differently coloured abdomen, and undertail-
coverts.
It was dedicated by Mr. Elliot to the well-known American
Ornithologist, Mr. George N. Lawrence.
The type is in the American Museum of Natural History of
New York.
287. Amazilia VIRIDIGASTER, Bourc, Rev. Zool., 1843, P- I0 5
Hylocharis viridigaster, Bon., Consp. Gen. Av., 1850
vol. i., p. 74.
Saucerottia viridiventris, Reich., Aufz. der Col., 1853, P- 8
Hemithylaca viridiventris, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein
i860, t. iii., p. 38.
Pyrrhophaena viridigaster ) Gould, Int. Troch, 1861, p. 159
Ariana viridigaster, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874
t. i., p. 320.
Green bellied Amazili, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 314
l'Ariane à ventre vert, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874
t. i., p. 321.
Habitat. — Columbia.
Male. — Forehead metallic green. Neck and back shining
green. Lower part of back and rump, grayish bronzy-brown,
passing into purple on the uppertail-coverts. Tail shining
violet with blue reflections. Underside metallic grass-green,
passing into smoky-brown on lower part of abdomen. Thigh
and tuft on anal region white. Undertail-coverts pale green-
ish-bronze, margined with light buff on some specimens, on
others margined with white. Wings purplish. Maxilla black.
Mandible flesh colour with black tip.
Total length, 3|in. Wing, 2§. Tail, if. Culmen, ■§-.
Female. — Upperside like the male, but less bright. Flanks
and abdomen smoky-brown, washed with green. Rufous tips
on lateral rectrices.
Bourcier's type is in my collection.
This species was discovered in Columbia, by Mr. Rieffer.
Genera of Humming Birds. 201
*288. Amazilia iodura, Saucerotte, M.S.
Saucerottia iodura, Reich., Aufz. der Colib., 1853, p. 8.
Chlorestes iodurus, Reich., Troch. Enum., 1855, p. 4.
Hemithylaca iodura, Cab. and Hein., Mus. Hein., i860,
t. iii., p. 39.
Pyrrhophaena iodura, Gould, Int. Troch., 1861, p. 59.
Eratiua iodura, Heine, Journ. fur Ornith., 1863, p. 190.
White-vented Amazili, Gould, Mon. Troch., Suppl., 1886,
p. 88.
V Amazili à ventre blanc.
Habitat. — Columbia.
" Capite, collo, pectore, dorso superiore, tectricibusque
alarum splendide virescentibus, gula paululum albo intermixta ;
alis coeruleo-virescentibus latissime pallide fulvescente-lim-
batis ; cauda splendide purpureo-violaceo ; abdomine fulves-
cente ; crisso albido."
Length, 3" 3". Wing, 2". Tail, 1" 2". C u lmen, 9".
" Cab. and Hein., loc. cit."
From some specimens compared with the type, and kindly
sent to me by Count Berlepseh, I am of opinion that this
species is not valid, and is the same as the preceding one,
A. viridip aster.
*289- Amazilia lucida, Elliot, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1877,
p. 404.
Elliot' s Amazili, Gould, Mon. Troch., Suppl., 1886, p. 89.
Le Pyrrliophène brillant, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1878,
t. iv., p. 183.
Habitat. — Columbia.
Adult. — Crown of the head dark metallic green; upper-
surface shining grass-green, lighter than the head. Upper-
tail-coverts golden-bronze. Throat, breast, abdomen, and
flanks metallic grass-green, a light mouse coloured spot on the
lower part of the abdomen. Thighs white, feathers fluffy.
Undertail-coverts dark bronzy-brown, edged with white.
Wings dark purple. Tail reddish-bronze, darkest in the centre
of the feathers along the shafts, with the tips of the lateral
rectrices bluish-black, their edges reddish-bronze. This bluish-
black colour, almost resolves itself into a subterminal bar,
202 Genera of Humming Birds.
and is especially conspicuous on the underside of the taiL
Bill brownish red, flesh colour in life, tip blackish.
Total length, 3^in. Wing, 2J-. Tail, i^. Culmen, f.
" Elliot's Synopsis Hum. Birds, p. 223."
Type in Elliot's Museum, now in the Museum of Natural
History, New York.
290. Amazilia edwardi, Delatt. and Bourc, Rev. Zool. r
1846, p. 308.
Poly t mus edwardsi, Gray, Gen. Birds, 1844-49, v °l- h P- I0 9-
Saucerottia edwardsi, Reich., Aufz. der Col., 1853, p. 8.
Thaumantias edward, Bon., Rev. and Mag. Zool., 1854,.
P- 255-
Erythronota edwardi, Lawr., Ann. Lye. N. York, t. vii. r
p. 292.
Wilson's Erythronota, Gould, Mon. Troch., vol. v., p. 318.
Le Leucodore d'Edouard, Muls., Hist. Nat. Ois. Mou., 1874,,
t. i., p. 312.
Habitat. — Panama, Veragua.
Male. — Top of head shining green, bronzy on neck. Back
bronzy-green passing to shining reddish-bronze on rump and
uppertail coverts. Tail bronzy-purple. Throat, breast, and
flanks metallic grass -green passing to golden on flanks.
Abdomen pure white. A tuft of w r hite feathers on sides of
flanks. Thighs white. Undertail-coverts pale rufous bordered
with grayish-white. Wings purple. Maxilla black. Mandible
flesh colour with black tip.
Total length, 3|in. Wing, 2\. Tail, if. Culmen, j-.
This fine species was discovered in Panama, by Delattre.
He and Bourcier described and dedicated it to Mr. Edward
Wilson, of Lydstip, near Tenby. Mr. Wilson made a very
fine Ornithological collection during his life, and was a liberal
patron of science.
291. Amazilia niveiventris, Gould, P.Z.S., 1850, p. 164.
Saucerottia niveiventer, Reich., Aufz. der Colib., 1853, P- 8".
Chlorestes niveiventris, Reich., Troch. Enum., 1855, p. 4.
Thaumantias niveiventer, Bon., Rev. and Mag. Zool., 1854,
P- 255-
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